source: ETALON/papers/2016_HDR_ND/presentation/talk_HDR_Nicolas_Delerue.tex @ 758

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\title{Interactions between lasers and electrons}
\author{Nicolas DELERUE}
\date{30th March 2018}

\begin{document}

\frame{\titlepage}

%\section[Outline]{}
\frame{\tableofcontents}



\section{Introduction}

\subsection{This is the work of a team}

\frame
{
  \frametitle{This is the work of a team}

  \begin{itemize}
  \item The experiments I will present are complex.
  \item The results presented are the work of teams and I can not mention all contributors.
  \item I want to stress that important contributions have been made by engineers and technicians who helped build the experiments.
  \item Also, undergraduate project students, interns and graduate students have also played a key role.
  \end{itemize}
  
  
  \hfill 
 \begin{beamerboxesrounded}[scheme=snouf, shadow=true,lower=snouf, width=7cm]{}
 I will mention the name of a few students \\ who have made important contributions.
 \end{beamerboxesrounded}

  }



\subsection{Interaction between lasers and electrons}

\frame
{
  \frametitle{Interaction between lasers and electrons at \ang{90}}

\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=4.cm]{electron_laser_Compton_90.png}
\end{center}

  \begin{itemize}
  \item Electrons and laser can interact at \ang{90}.
  \item This interaction will produce X rays (or $\gamma$ rays).
  \item Measure the beam profile  (``laser-wire'').
  \end{itemize}
}


\frame
{
  \frametitle{Interaction between lasers and electrons at \ang{180}}

\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=4.cm]{electron_laser_Compton_180.png}
\end{center}

  \begin{itemize}
  \item Electrons and laser can interact at \ang{180}.
  \item This interaction will produce higher energy X rays (or $\gamma$ rays).
  \item Intense source of photons at wavelength difficult to reach.
  \item MightyLaser and ThomX.  
  \end{itemize}
}


\frame
{
  \frametitle{Interaction between lasers and electrons at \ang{0}}

\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=4.cm]{electron_laser_ALP.png}
\end{center}
\vspace*{-12mm}
  \begin{itemize}
  \item Electrons and laser can propagate in the same direction through a plasma.
  \item The laser will transfer some of its energy to the electrons.
  \item The electrons will be accelerated.
  \item Astra-Gemini, DACTOMUS and LASERIX. 
  \end{itemize}
}


\frame
{
  \frametitle{Interaction between lasers and electrons}

\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=4.cm]{electron_laser_all.png}
\end{center}

  \begin{itemize}
  \item Most of the studies I will present today were related to interactions between lasers and electrons.
  \end{itemize}
}


\frame
{
  \frametitle{Other work}

\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=4.cm]{electron_laser_other.png}
\end{center}

  \begin{itemize}
  \item I will not cover some of the work I did in high energy physics.
  \item I will also not cover some work related accelerator technology the I did early in my career (mostly at KEK).
  \end{itemize}
}





\subsection{The tools: Particle Accelerators and lasers}
\frame
{
  \frametitle{Particle accelerators}

  \includegraphics[width=5.2cm]{../Introduction/livingston_e} \hspace{0.2cm}
    \includegraphics[width=5.2cm]{../Introduction/livingston_p}

  \begin{itemize}
  \item Particle accelerators have been a key driver for particle and nuclear physics.
  \item During the XXth century they have steadily grown in size and in energy.
  \end{itemize}
}


\frame
{
  \frametitle{Particle accelerators}

\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.59\textwidth}
  \includegraphics[height=1.cm]{Cyclotron-1440x810.jpg} \hspace{0.1cm}
  \includegraphics[height=1.3cm]{ACO.jpeg} \hspace{0.1cm}
  \includegraphics[height=1.6cm]{LHC_aerial.jpg} 
  \small
    \begin{itemize}
  \item One of the earliest accelerator could fit in the palm of a hand.
  \item The world largest collider is \SI{27}{km} in circumference.
  \item Until year 1989 colliders doubled in circumference approximately every two years.
  \item However this trend has stopped.
  \end{itemize}
    \hfill 
 \begin{beamerboxesrounded}[scheme=snouf, shadow=true,lower=snouf, width=7.0cm]{}
\tiny{Anne-Fleur Barfuss (M2): \em{Heritage of High Energy Physics Experiments}} 
 \end{beamerboxesrounded}

\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.45\textwidth}
  \includegraphics[width=5.2cm]{../Introduction/livingston_size} 
\end{column}
\end{columns}
}



\frame
{
  \frametitle{Lasers}

\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.6\textwidth}
  \includegraphics[width=7cm]{History_of_laser_intensity_svg.png} 
  \\ \tiny{Image source: Wikipedia}

\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
  \begin{itemize}
  \item The first experimental demonstration of a laser was in 1960.
  \item The introduction of Chirped Pulse Amplification (CPA) in the 1980s has allowed significant progress in peak intensity.
  \item More recently fiber lasers have allowed efficiency gains.
  \end{itemize}
\end{column}
\end{columns}

}

\subsection{Laser-plasma acceleration}

\frame
{
  \frametitle{Laser-plasma acceleration}

 
\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
  \begin{itemize}
  \item Laser-Plasma acceleration was first proposed in 1979.
  \item The first important results were achieved in the 1990s.
  \item The latest published results show that electrons have been accelerated to energies of more than \SI{4}{GeV} over a few cm.
  \item Higher energies have been reported at conferences.
  \end{itemize}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.6\textwidth}
  \includegraphics[width=5.2cm]{../Introduction/livingston_plasma} 
\end{column}

\end{columns}
}

\frame
{
  \frametitle{Laser-plasma vs colliders}

  \includegraphics[width=5.2cm]{../Introduction/livingston_plasma} 
  \includegraphics[width=5.2cm]{../Introduction/livingston_e}

  \begin{itemize}
  \item Although the trend in energy gain for plasma accelerators is impressive, it must be compared to colliders energy with care.
  \item Laser-plasma accelerators: maximum energy reached.
  \item Colliders: energy of two stable high current beams.
  \item There is a long way from one to the other.
  \end{itemize}

}



\frame
{
  \frametitle{Laser-plasma collider}

 \begin{center}
  \includegraphics[width=7cm]{plasma_collider.jpg} \\
{\tiny \url{https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.3099645}}
 \end{center}

  \begin{itemize}
  \item A concept of particle collider based on plasma accelerators has nevertheless been proposed.
  \item However several issues need to be addressed: staging, stability, charge, repetition rate.
  \end{itemize}

}





\section{Compton scattering}
\subsection{Theory of Compton scattering}

\frame
{
  \frametitle{Theory of Compton scattering}

\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=2.cm]{compton_scattering_feynman_cropped.png}
\end{center}
\vspace*{-0.3cm}
\begin{equation}
\nu_o \simeq  \nu_i [ 2 \gamma^2  ( 1 +    \cos \theta_o) ] \nonumber
\end{equation}

  \begin{itemize}
  \item Inverse Compton scattering occurs between an electron and a photon.
  \item The energy is transferred from the high energy particle (electron in our case) to the low energy particle (photon).
  \item But the cross section is low ($\sigma_T \simeq \SI{6.65  e-29}{\meter^{2}}$).
  \item ${\cal P}_{\mbox{scat}} = {\cal L} \times \sigma_T = 2.12 \times 10^{-24}$ per $e^-$ and $\gamma$  \\ for a \SI{25}{\micro m} x \SI{10}{\micro m} interaction area. 
  \end{itemize}

}

\subsection{Laser-wire}

\frame
{
  \frametitle{Laser-wire}

\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=2.5cm]{Schematic-layout-of-the-laser-wire.png}
\includegraphics[height=2.5cm]{laser-wire-scan.png}
\end{center}

  \begin{itemize}
  \item Compton scattering can be used to probe the transverse profile of an electron beam.
  \item Unlike a normal wire-scanner the wire of a laser-wire is unbreakable.
  \item The laser can be focussed to a very small size.
  \item I made several contributions to the UK laser-wire activity.
  \end{itemize}

}

\frame
{
  \frametitle{Lens design}

\begin{center}
  \includegraphics[height=2.7cm]{../Compton/20050615_2micrometres_no1ghost.eps}
  \includegraphics[height=2.7cm]{../Compton/20050615_2micrometres_no1ghost_diff.eps}
  \includegraphics[height=2.7cm]{lens_Alice_Mulin.png}
\end{center}

\tiny
  \begin{itemize}
  \item Micrometer accuracy is needed to allow an optimum tonight of the ILC.
  \item This requires a very challenging focussing system.
  \item I designed and tested such a system for the ATF laser-wire.
  \item Later an improved design was reached with a student.
  \end{itemize}
  
   \begin{beamerboxesrounded}[scheme=snouf, shadow=true,lower=snouf, width=4.5cm]{}
\tiny{Alice Mulin (IFIPS): \em{Optical design F/1 lens}} 
 \end{beamerboxesrounded}


}

\frame
{
  \frametitle{ATF Laser-wire}

\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.7\textwidth}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=2cm]{../Compton/atf_lw_layout.png} 
\end{center}
  \begin{itemize}
  \item The ATF laser-wire was a demonstrator for ILC laser-wire.
  \item Sub-micrometer beam size resolution was demonstrated.
  \end{itemize}
   \begin{beamerboxesrounded}[scheme=snouf, shadow=true,lower=snouf, width=6.5cm]{}
\tiny{Laurent Millischer (Central Paris), Myriam Qershi (D.Phil Oxford)} 
 \end{beamerboxesrounded}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.4\textwidth}
\begin{center}
\vspace*{-1cm}
\includegraphics[height=2.6cm]{../Compton/laserwire_layout.png} \\
\vspace*{0.3cm}
\includegraphics[height=2.6cm]{ATF_lw_scan.png}
\end{center}

\end{column}

\end{columns}


}


\subsection{MightyLaser}

\frame
{
  \frametitle{The MightyLaser experiment}

\vspace*{-0.5cm}

\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=2.5cm]{Image_cavite_mighty_laser.png}
\hspace{0.5cm}
\includegraphics[height=2.5cm]{electron_laser_Compton_180.png}
\end{center}

  \begin{itemize}
  \item The aim of the MightyLaser experiment, also at the KEK ATF was to demonstrate $\gamma$-rays production with a Fabry-Perot cavity.
  \item This has the advantage of requiring a much lower laser power as photons cross several thousand times the electron beam.
  \item I joined the project when most of the hardware had been built.
  \item I took the lead of the experimental campaigns in Japan.
  \end{itemize}

}

\frame
{
  \frametitle{First experimental campaign}

%\vspace*{-0.5cm}

\begin{center}
\includegraphics*[height=3cm]{../Compton/screenshot_data_taking_long473.png}  \hspace{1cm}
\includegraphics*[height=3cm]{../Compton/14122010_file_data_locked2_3.pdf} 
\end{center}

  \begin{itemize}
  \item The first experimental campaign demonstrated the principle.
  \item We were rather fast to find laser-electrons overlap.
  \item Some minor issues were identified and had to be addressed during a second experimental campaign.
  \end{itemize}

   \begin{beamerboxesrounded}[scheme=snouf, shadow=true,lower=snouf, width=3.2cm]{}
\tiny{Iryna Chaikovska (PhD U-Psud)} 
 \end{beamerboxesrounded}

}

\frame
{
  \frametitle{Second experimental campaign}

%\vspace*{-0.5cm}

\begin{center}
\includegraphics*[height=3cm]{../Compton/screenshot_long_data_taking8.png} 
\includegraphics*[height=3cm]{../Compton/lifetime.png} 
\end{center}

\small
  \begin{itemize}
  \item The second experimental campaign was significantly delayed by the 2011 earthquake.
  \item The intracavity laser power was significantly increased (to \SI{35}{kW}).
  \item Some thermal effect due to the power stored in the cavity were observed.
  \item Effect on the electron beam and its lifetime.
  \end{itemize}

}



\subsection{ThomX}

\frame
{
  \frametitle{The ThomX project}

 \begin{center}
  \includegraphics[width=7cm]{thomX.png} 
 \end{center}

  \begin{itemize}
  \item The MightyLaser experiment can be seen as a demonstrator for a compact X-ray source to be built in Orsay: ThomX.
%  \item This project is based on a \SI{50}{MeV} electron ring.
  \item My contribution to this project is the diagnostics, the synchronization system and some beam dynamics studies.
  \end{itemize}

}

\frame
{
  \frametitle{The ThomX project}

 \begin{center}
  \includegraphics[width=11cm]{thomX.png} 
 \end{center}
}

\frame
{
  \frametitle{Beam dynamics in ThomX}

\vspace*{-2mm}
 \begin{center}
    \begin{tabular}{ccc}
    \includegraphics*[width=28mm]{../Compton/WEPRO001f3.png}  &
    \includegraphics*[width=28mm]{../Compton/WEPRO001f4.png}  &
    \includegraphics*[width=28mm]{../Compton/WEPRO001f5.png} \\
    \includegraphics*[width=28mm]{../Compton/WEPRO001f6.png}  &
    \includegraphics*[width=28mm]{../Compton/WEPRO001f7.png} &
    \includegraphics*[width=28mm]{../Compton/WEPRO001f8.png} 
   \end{tabular}
 \end{center}
 \vspace*{-5mm}

 
   \begin{itemize}
  \item The accelerator is foreseen to operate at \SI{50}{MeV} (at the beginning).
  \item At injection the bunches coming from the linac expand turbulently in the much wider RF buckets from the ring.
  \end{itemize}

    \begin{beamerboxesrounded}[scheme=snouf, shadow=true,lower=snouf, width=3.cm]{}
\tiny{Illya Drebot (PhD U-Psud)} 
 \end{beamerboxesrounded}

}


\frame
{
  \frametitle{Beam dynamics in ThomX: unstable bunches}

\begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.6\textwidth}
%\vspace{30mm}
    \includegraphics[width=70mm]{../Compton/WEPRO001f9.eps}\\
    \begin{beamerboxesrounded}[scheme=snouf, shadow=true,lower=snouf, width=3.cm]{}
\tiny{Illya Drebot (PhD U-Psud)} 
 \end{beamerboxesrounded}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.5\textwidth}
    \includegraphics*[width=50mm]{../Compton/WEPRO001f10.png}
   \begin{itemize}
  \item Collective effects can be strong enough to destroy the bunch.
  \item Strategies to mitigate these effects will be studied soon.
  \end{itemize}

\end{column}

\end{columns}
}


\subsection{Synchronizing lasers and accelerators}

\frame
{
  \frametitle{Synchronizing lasers and accelerators}
\centering
    \includegraphics[width=30mm]{../Compton/freqs_heterodyne.png}\\
   \begin{itemize}
  \item Several time during my career I have faced the problem of a pulsed laser having to be operated together with an accelerator.
  \item The laser frequency is set by its oscillator and the accelerator frequency is set by the RF.
  \item However for them to work together the laser pulse must be sent exactly when the electron pulse comes with picosecond accuracy.
  \item This requires a synchronization system.
  \end{itemize}
   
}

\frame
{
  \frametitle{Heterodyne synchronisation}

\centering
    \includegraphics*[width=80mm]{../Compton/montage_heterodyne_thomX_AD8611.png}

 \begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.4\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=50mm]{THPAB093f3a.png}\\
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.6\textwidth}
   \begin{itemize}
  \item In ThomX, the linac and the ring also use different frequencies.
  \item An heterodyne synchronisation scheme has been developed and is also used in ESCULAP.
  \end{itemize}
    
  \hfill 
    \begin{beamerboxesrounded}[scheme=snouf, shadow=true,lower=snouf, width=3.cm]{}
\tiny{Heidi R\"{o}sch (M1 Darmstadt)} 
 \end{beamerboxesrounded}


\end{column}
\end{columns}


}


\frame
{
  \frametitle{The ThomX synchronisation scheme}

\centering
\vspace*{-1mm}
    \includegraphics*[width=75mm]{20171219_ThomX_synchronisation_scheme_with_nomenclature.jpg}

\vspace*{-3mm}
\hfill\begin{beamerboxesrounded}[scheme=snouf, shadow=true,lower=snouf, width=4.8cm]{}
\tiny{Clément Godfrin (Magistère 1 U-Psud), \\ Naomi Chmielewski and Karim Khaldi (L2 U-Psud)} 
 \end{beamerboxesrounded}

}

\section{Advanced diagnostics and plasma acceleration}

\frame
{
  \frametitle{Motivation for single shot measurements}

\centering
\vspace*{-1mm}
    \includegraphics*[width=90mm]{1_4817747_figures_f9.png}\\
{\tiny \url{https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/1.4817747}}

  \begin{itemize}
  \item Laser-plasma accelerators are not as stable as conventional accelerators.
  \item To be meaningful measurements must be done in a single shot.
  \item Hence I have worked on several single shot diagnostics.
  \end{itemize}
}
\subsection{Single shot emittance measurement}


\frame
{
  \frametitle{Single shot emittance measurement: Pepper-pot}


 \begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.6\textwidth}
   \begin{itemize}
  \item Pepper-pots are conventionally used to measure single shot transverse emittance at low energy.
  \item I studied how thicker pepper-pot can work at higher energy.
  \end{itemize}
    
  \hfill 
    \begin{beamerboxesrounded}[scheme=snouf, shadow=true,lower=snouf, width=5.5cm]{}
\tiny{Joe Hewlett, Michael McCann (BA and MPhys Oxford)} 
 \end{beamerboxesrounded}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.4\textwidth}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=40mm]{../Advanced_diags/thin_pepper_pot_diagram.eps}\\
\includegraphics[width=20mm]{../Advanced_diags/pepper_pots_teaching_accelerator_cropped.jpg}
\end{center}
\end{column}
\end{columns}

\centering
 \includegraphics[width=40mm]{../Advanced_diags/depth_summary_200MeV.eps}\hspace{10mm}
\includegraphics[width=40mm]{../Advanced_diags/depth_summary_1GeV.eps}

}

\frame
{
  \frametitle{Pepper-pots at high energy}

 \begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.4\textwidth}
   \begin{itemize}
  \item It was important to check that the thickness did not affect the phase-space.
  \item This was done by calculations and GEANT4 simulations. 
  \end{itemize}
    

%  \hfill 
    \begin{beamerboxesrounded}[scheme=snouf, shadow=true,lower=snouf, width=3.cm]{}
\tiny{Joe Hewlett (MPhys Oxford)} 
 \end{beamerboxesrounded}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.6\textwidth}

\centering
\includegraphics[width=50mm]{../Advanced_diags/pepper_pot_diagram_pos.eps} \\
\includegraphics[width=50mm]{../Advanced_diags/sheared_4ellipse_no_var.eps} \\
\vspace*{-20mm}
\includegraphics[width=34mm]{../Advanced_diags/acceptance_Air_Ta_sx50um_sxp05mrad_l10_ws50um_gp100um_xpm1_1E5_E1000_05_clean.eps}
\includegraphics[width=34mm]{../Advanced_diags/acceptance_Air_Ta_sx50um_sxp05mrad_l50_ws50um_gp100um_xpm1_1E5_E1000_05_clean.eps} \\
\end{column}
\end{columns}

}



\frame
{
  \frametitle{Pepper-pot experiments}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{ccc} 
&  \includegraphics[height=25mm,angle=270]{../Advanced_diags/figure4.eps} \vspace*{-29mm}   & \\  
& &
\tiny
 \begin{tabular}{c}
Frascati \\ Beam Test Facility \\  \SI{508}{MeV} \\     \begin{beamerboxesrounded}[scheme=snouf, shadow=true,lower=snouf, width=3.cm]{}
\tiny{Nick Shipman (MPhys Oxford)} 
 \end{beamerboxesrounded}
\end{tabular}  \vspace*{-14mm}  \\
\includegraphics[height=28mm]{../Advanced_diags/runrun1_PP_shot100_10d_despeckle_cropped2.jpg}  & & 
\end{tabular}


\centering
\begin{tabular}{ccc} 
 \includegraphics[width=35mm]{../Advanced_diags/DLS_PP_image.png}\hspace{3mm} &
\includegraphics[width=35mm]{../Advanced_diags/DLS_PP_diag.png} & 
\tiny
 \begin{tabular}{c}
\vspace*{-20mm} \\
 DIAMOND \\ Booster to Synchrotron line\\ \SI{3}{GeV}\\
 \end{tabular}
 \end{tabular}


}


\frame
{
  \frametitle{Single shot emittance measurement: OTRs}

\centering
\includegraphics[width=35mm]{Transition_radiaton.png} \hspace*{20mm}
\includegraphics[width=60mm]{../Advanced_diags/layout3.eps}


  \begin{itemize}
  \item Another technique that was considered was to use Optical Transition Radiation screens to measure the beam size at several locations.
  \item This requires to check the scattering induced by a screen to ensure that it does not affect the measurement.
  \end{itemize}
}

\frame
{
  \frametitle{Scattering in a screen: calculations}


%\centering
%\includegraphics[width=60mm]{../Advanced_diags/layout3.eps}

  \begin{itemize}
  \item Derivation of the product scattering angle and particle energy:
{\tiny
  \begin{equation}
p \theta_0 = \frac{13.6\mbox{ MeV}}{\beta c } \sqrt{\frac{x}{X_0}} \left[ 1+ 0.038 ln\left(\frac{x}{X_0}  \right)\right] \nonumber
\end{equation}}
  \item Example: \SI{10}{\micro m} Aluminium: $p\theta_0=\SI{139}{MeV.mrad}$
  \item This allows to estimate the size limit for the scattering to be negligible:
  {\tiny
    \begin{equation}
\sigma_0 << N_{\mbox{screens}} \frac{\epsilon_n}{\gamma \frac{  p \theta_0}{p}}  \nonumber
\end{equation}}
\item For \SI{10}{\micro m} Aluminium and $\epsilon_N=\SI{1}{mm.mrad}$ this gives \SI{0.9}{mm}.
  \end{itemize}
  
\hfill  \begin{beamerboxesrounded}[scheme=snouf, shadow=true,lower=snouf, width=3.cm]{}
\tiny{Howat Duncan (MPhys Oxford)} 
 \end{beamerboxesrounded}
}



\frame
{
  \frametitle{Scattering in a screen: Simulations}


\centering
\includegraphics[width=60mm]{../Advanced_diags/2008_12_02_041012_21104_Run1_fit.eps}
\includegraphics[width=60mm]{../Advanced_diags/2008_12_02_042510_21454_Run1_fit.eps}

  \begin{itemize}
  \item Geant4 simulations were made to validate the simulations.
  \end{itemize}
  
  \hfill
    \begin{beamerboxesrounded}[scheme=snouf, shadow=true,lower=snouf, width=3.cm]{}
\tiny{Stuart Moulder (MPhys Oxford)} 
 \end{beamerboxesrounded}

}


\frame
{
  \frametitle{Single emittance measurement with OTRs}


 \begin{columns}
\begin{column}{0.6\textwidth}
   \begin{itemize}
  \item An experiment was done at the DIAMOND light source to check the result.
  \item Beam size measured was not significantly affected by upstream screens.
  \end{itemize}
  
      \begin{beamerboxesrounded}[scheme=snouf, shadow=true,lower=snouf, width=4.cm]{}
\tiny{Bas-Jan Zandt (MPhys Eindhoven)} 
 \end{beamerboxesrounded}

\end{column}
 \begin{column}{0.4\textwidth}
 \includegraphics[width=40mm]{../Advanced_diags/DLS_beamline.png} \\
\includegraphics[width=40mm]{../Advanced_diags/multiple_OTR_DLS.png}

\end{column}
\end{columns}

}

\frame
{
  \frametitle{Single emittance measurement with OTRs: results}

\centering
 \includegraphics[width=55mm]{DLS_OTR_Results.png}
 
 \small
   \begin{itemize}
  \item The measurements were done in a highly dispersive area, so this had to be taken into account to reconstruct the correct transverse emittance value.
  \item After correction the transverse emittance measured by this method was very close from the value measured by quadrupole scanning.
  \end{itemize}
  
}

\frame
{
  \frametitle{Single emittance measurement with OTRs: interferences}

\centering
 \includegraphics[width=40mm]{../Advanced_diags/OTR_images_DIAMOND.png}
 
 
   \begin{itemize}
  \item Concerns were expressed about interferences in the OTR formation zone.
  \item The images we recorded did not show any such interference.
  \item Interferences would be visible for single wavelength but smeared out for large bandwidth.
  \item An experiment is planned at CLIO to study this further.
  \end{itemize}
  
}


\frame
{
  \frametitle{Phase space shearing}

\centering
 \includegraphics[width=60mm]{phase_space_shearing.png}
 
   \begin{itemize}
  \item Issue: at LPA the beam has a very large divergence but a very small size.
  \item Refocussing is needed but dispersion may affect the beam size. 
  \end{itemize}
  
}



\subsection{Single shot longitudinal profile measurement}

\frame
{
  \frametitle{Coherent Smith-Purcell Radiation}

\centering
\includegraphics[height=3.6cm]{../Advanced_diags/smith_purcell_first_image} 
\includegraphics[height=3.6cm]{../Advanced_diags/grating_radiation.pdf} 

  \begin{itemize}
  \item Bunch length measurement is a challenge for ultra-short bunches.
  \item One possibility for single shot measurements is to use the coherent radiative phenomena. 
  \item Coherent Smith-Purcell Radiation (CSPR) is one of such phenomena.
  \end{itemize}
}

\frame
{
  \frametitle{CSPR: Bunch profile reconstruction}

\centering
\includegraphics[height=3.6cm]{../Advanced_diags/shape_profile.eps} 
\includegraphics[height=3.6cm]{../Advanced_diags/shape_comparison.eps} 

  \begin{itemize}
  \item In CSPR the bunch longitudinal profile is encoded in the spectrum distribution of the radiation emitted.
  \item Bunch with different profiles will have different spectrum. 
  \end{itemize}
  
  \hfill
  
        \begin{beamerboxesrounded}[scheme=snouf, shadow=true,lower=snouf, width=4.5cm]{}
\tiny{Vitalii Khodnevych (Kyiv National University)} 
 \end{beamerboxesrounded}

}


\frame
{
  \frametitle{CSPR: Comparison of models}

\centering
\includegraphics[height=3.6cm]{../Advanced_diags/MOPMB004f2.png} 
\includegraphics[height=3.6cm]{../Advanced_diags/MOPMB004f3.png} 

  \begin{itemize}
  \item There are several different models describing CSPR.
  \item Although the signal yield may be different this model uncertainty has little influence on the sensitivity to the bunch longitudinal profile. 
  \end{itemize}
  
          \begin{beamerboxesrounded}[scheme=snouf, shadow=true,lower=snouf, width=5.cm]{}
\tiny{Maksym Malovitsya (Kharkiv National University)} 
 \end{beamerboxesrounded}

}


\frame
{
  \frametitle{CSPR: Profile recovery}

\centering

\begin{equation}
\Theta(\omega_0)  =  \frac{2\omega_0}{\pi} \textit{P}\int^{+ \infty}_{0}\frac{ln(\rho(\omega) )}{\omega_0^2-\omega^2}d\omega \nonumber
\end{equation}

  \begin{itemize}
  \item During the measurement process the phase of the beam profile is lost.
  \item This information can be recovered using an Hilbert transform often by using the Kramers Kronig relations (KK). 
  \item Work to improve this technique in the case of CSPR.
  \end{itemize}
  
          \begin{beamerboxesrounded}[scheme=snouf, shadow=true,lower=snouf, width=4.5cm]{}
\tiny{Richard Tovey (MPhys Oxford)\\Clémentaine Santamaria (Magistère U-Psud) \\Vitalii Khodnevych (Kyiv National University)} 
 \end{beamerboxesrounded}

  
}

\frame
{
  \frametitle{CSPR: Profile recovery studies}

\centering
 \begin{tabular}{cccc}
  \includegraphics*[width=30mm]{../Advanced_diags/plots_11541.eps} &  \includegraphics*[width=30mm]{../Advanced_diags/plots_11658.eps}
     \includegraphics*[width=30mm]{../Advanced_diags/plots_12231.eps} 
\end{tabular}
 \begin{tabular}{cc}
  \includegraphics*[width=30mm]{../Advanced_diags/plot2210_181.eps} &
  \includegraphics*[width=30mm]{../Advanced_diags/plot2210_182.eps}
\end{tabular}

  \begin{itemize}
  \item  \tiny{In most case the profile is correctly reconstructed (top) but some pathological cases occur (bottom).}
   \item We checked that the later case is not frequent.
   \item We also studied the effect of noise.
  \end{itemize}
  
          \begin{beamerboxesrounded}[scheme=snouf, shadow=true,lower=snouf, width=4.5cm]{}
\tiny{Vitalii Khodnevych (Kyiv National University)} 
 \end{beamerboxesrounded}

  
}

\frame
{
  \frametitle{CSPR: E-203}

\centering
    \begin{tabular}{ccc}
\multirow{3}{*}{\includegraphics*[width=50mm]{E-203_setup.png}} & \vspace*{-5mm}   &  \multirow{3}{*}{\includegraphics*[width=34mm,angle=90]{../Advanced_diags/E203_motor_side.JPG}} \\
 &  \includegraphics*[width=25mm,angle=0]{../Advanced_diags/E203_filters_side.JPG} \\
  &  \includegraphics*[width=25mm]{../Advanced_diags/E203_carousel.JPG}    
       \end{tabular}

  \begin{itemize}
  \item  I took part in several experiment related to CSPR.
  \item The first of them was E-203 on the FACET accelerator at SLAC.
  \item \SI{20}{GeV} sub-ps beam.
  \end{itemize}
  
  
            \begin{beamerboxesrounded}[scheme=snouf, shadow=true,lower=snouf, width=3.5cm]{}
\tiny{Ewen McLean (MPhys Oxford)} 
 \end{beamerboxesrounded}


  
}


\frame
{
  \frametitle{CSPR: E-203 results on bunch length}

\centering
    \begin{tabular}{cc}
   \includegraphics*[width=30mm]{../Advanced_diags/E203_high_comp_rho.png}  & 
   \includegraphics*[width=30mm]{../Advanced_diags/E203_high_comp_profile.png} \\   
   \includegraphics*[width=30mm]{../Advanced_diags/E203_med_comp_profile.png}  & 
   \includegraphics*[width=30mm]{../Advanced_diags/E203_low_comp_profile.png} \\   
       \end{tabular}

\tiny
  \begin{itemize}
  \item We were able to measure the bunch longitudinal profile for different compression.
  \item Unfortunately we did not have the opportunity to make a measurement at the same time than other bunch profile measurement devices.
  \end{itemize}
  
          \begin{beamerboxesrounded}[scheme=snouf, shadow=true,lower=snouf, width=6.5cm]{}
\tiny{Mélissa Vieille Grosjean (PhD U-Psud), Solène Le Corre (ENS Lyon)} 
 \end{beamerboxesrounded}

  
}


\frame
{
  \frametitle{CSPR: E-203 results on polarization}

\centering
   \includegraphics*[width=50mm]{../Advanced_diags/E203_polar.png}  

  \begin{itemize}
  \item We also studied the polarization of the radiation.
  \item This could have been a promising way of removing the background but the measurement do not agree with the theory.
  \end{itemize}
  
\hfill          \begin{beamerboxesrounded}[scheme=snouf, shadow=true,lower=snouf, width=4.5cm]{}
\tiny{Solène Le Corre, Clément Duval (ENS Lyon)} 
 \end{beamerboxesrounded}
}


\frame
{
  \frametitle{CSPR: Experiment at SOLEIL}

\centering
   \includegraphics*[height=30mm]{../Advanced_diags/MOPAB025f1.jpg}  
   \includegraphics*[height=30mm]{../Advanced_diags/MOPMB002f5a.png}  
   \includegraphics*[height=25mm]{../Advanced_diags/MOPMB002f6.eps}  

  \begin{itemize}
  \item Another CSPR experiment was done at SOLEIL.
  \item The measurement are done by a single detector on a translation stage.
  \item The aim of that experiment was to make a map of CSPR.
  \end{itemize}
  
          \begin{beamerboxesrounded}[scheme=snouf, shadow=true,lower=snouf, width=7.5cm]{}
\tiny{Mélissa Vieille Grosjean (PhD U-Psud), Vitalii Khodnevych (M2 U-Psud), \\ Maksym Malovitsya (Kharkiv National University), Geoffrey Bonami (M1 INSTN)} 
 \end{beamerboxesrounded}

  
}


\frame
{
  \frametitle{CSPR: Experiment at CLIO}

\centering
   \includegraphics*[width=34mm]{../Advanced_diags/MOPAB026f1.jpg}  \hspace*{5mm}
   \includegraphics*[width=34mm]{../Advanced_diags/MOPAB026f3.pdf}  \hspace*{5mm} 
   \includegraphics*[width=34mm]{../Advanced_diags/Profile1.eps}  

  \begin{itemize}
  \item To test the detector geometry an experiment has been installed at the CLIO Free Electron Laser in Orsay.
  \item We found new techniques to check data consistency.
  \end{itemize}
  
  \hfill      \begin{beamerboxesrounded}[scheme=snouf, shadow=true,lower=snouf, width=3.5cm]{}
\tiny{Vitalii Khodnevych (M2 U-Psud)} 
 \end{beamerboxesrounded}
}


\subsection{Laser-plasma acceleration: ESCULAP}

\frame
{
  \frametitle{Laser-plasma acceleration: ESCULAP}
  
  \centering
   \includegraphics*[width=60mm]{../Advanced_diags/dogleg.eps}

  \begin{itemize}
  \item ESCULAP is a laser-plasma acceleration experiment with external injection.
  \item It uses the PHIL photo injector and the Laserix High power laser.
  \end{itemize}
}

\frame
{
  \frametitle{ESCULAP: Layout}
  
  \centering
   \includegraphics*[width=74mm]{figure_PHIL_LASERIX_with_cell_v201801.png}

}

\frame
{
  \frametitle{ESCULAP: simulations}
  
\hspace*{-6mm}
  \includegraphics[width=0.28\linewidth]{../Advanced_diags/WEPMY003f5a.png} 
  \includegraphics[width=0.28\linewidth]{../Advanced_diags/WEPMY003f5b.png} 
 \includegraphics[width=0.28\linewidth]{../Advanced_diags/WEPMY003f5c.png} 
  \includegraphics[width=0.28\linewidth]{../Advanced_diags/WEPMY003f5d.png} 
  
    \begin{itemize}
  \item One of the difficulty is that the accelerating volume in the plasma is very small.
  \item In one of the scheme considered, the bunch is first compressed by the plasma and then accelerated.
  \item This requires a specific profiling of the plasma density.
  \end{itemize}



}

\frame
{
  \frametitle{ESCULAP: synchronisation}
  
  \centering
   \includegraphics*[width=55mm]{THPAB093f2.png}

\small
  \begin{itemize}
  \item PHIL and Laserix have been built separately.
  \item A synchronisation system is necessary to synchronize the two machines.
  \end{itemize}
  
    \begin{beamerboxesrounded}[scheme=snouf, shadow=true,lower=snouf, width=3.cm]{}
\tiny{Heidi R\"{o}sch (M1 Darmstadt)} 
 \end{beamerboxesrounded}

}

\frame
{
  \frametitle{ESCULAP: compression}
  
  \centering
   \begin{tabular}{cc}
\includegraphics*[width=55mm]{../Advanced_diags/dogleg.eps}  &
   \includegraphics*[width=55mm]{CSRtrack.eps}
   \end{tabular}

  \begin{itemize}
  \item To match the plasma wavelength the electron bunch must be compressed to less than \SI{100}{fs}.
  \item This can be done using a magnetic compression chicane.
  \end{itemize}
  
  
      \hfill 
    \begin{beamerboxesrounded}[scheme=snouf, shadow=true,lower=snouf, width=3.cm]{}
\tiny{Ke Wang (PhD U-PSaclay)} 
 \end{beamerboxesrounded}

}

\frame
{
  \frametitle{ESCULAP: gas cell}
  
  \centering
   \includegraphics*[width=60mm]{../Advanced_diags/Cellule_1.pdf}

  \begin{itemize}
  \item We are currently designing a gas cell that will allow to have the density profile we need in the plasma.
  \end{itemize}
}


\frame
{
  \frametitle{Outlook}
  
  \begin{itemize}
  \item I have  presented some of the topics on which I worked during the past 14 years.
  \item Experimental work has always its challenges.
  \item In the coming year two major experimental facilities will start in Paris-Saclay: ThomX and the APOLLON laser and I hope that ESCULAP will follow soon after.
  \item All of them will be opportunities for interesting experiments!
  \end{itemize}
}

\end{document}