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Physics Reference Manual
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Physics Reference Manual
Contents
Introduction
Introduction
Scope of This Manual
Definition of Terms
Status of this document
Monte Carlo Methods
Status of this document
Bibliography
Transportation
Particle Decay
Decay
Mean Free Path for Decay in Flight
Branching Ratios and Decay Channels
G4PhaseSpaceDecayChannel
G4DalitzDecayChannel
Muon Decay
Leptonic Tau Decay
Kaon Decay
Status of this document
Bibliography
Electromagnetic Interactions
Particle Transport
The Interaction Length or Mean Free Path
Determination of the Interaction Point
Updating the Particle Lifetime
Status of this document
Bibliography
Gamma Incident
Introduction
General Interfaces
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Bibliography
PhotoElectric effect
Cross Section and Mean Free Path
Final State
Status of this document
Bibliography
Compton scattering
Cross Section and Mean Free Path
Sampling the Final State
Validity
Status of this document
Bibliography
Gamma Conversion into an Electron - Positron Pair
Cross Section and Mean Free Path
Final State
Status of this document
Bibliography
Gamma Conversion into a Muon - Anti-muon Pair
Cross Section and Energy Sharing
Parameterization of the Total Cross Section
Multi-differential Cross Section and Angular Variables
Procedure for the Generation of Muon - Anti-muon Pairs
Status of this document
Bibliography
Common to All Charged Particles
Computing the Mean Energy Loss
Method
Implementation Details
Energy Loss by Heavy Charged Particles
Status of this document
Bibliography
Energy loss fluctuations
Fluctuations in thick absorbers
Fluctuations in thin absorbers
Status of this document
Bibliography
Correcting the cross section for energy variation
Status of this document
Bibliography
Conversion from range cut to kinetic energy cut
Status of this document
Bibliography
Multiple Scattering
Introduction
Definition of Terms
Path Length Correction
Angular Distribution
Determination of the Model Parameters
The MSC Process in Geant4
Step Limitation Algorithm
Boundary Crossing Algorithm
Implementation Details
Status of this document
Bibliography
Single Scattering
Coulomb Scattering
Implementation Details
Status of this document
Bibliography
Ion Scattering
Method
Implementation Details
Status of this document
Bibliography
Transition radiation
The Relationship of Transition Radiation to X-ray Cherenkov Radiation
Calculating the X-ray Transition Radiation Yield
Simulating X-ray Transition Radiation Production
Status of this document
Bibliography
Scintillation
Status of this document
Cerenkov Effect
Status of this document
Bibliography
Photoabsorption Ionization Model
Cross Section for Ionizing Collisions
Energy Loss Simulation
Status of this document
Bibliography
Photoabsorption Cross Section at Low Energies
Method
Status of this document
Bibliography
Electron and Positron Incident
Ionization
Method
Continuous Energy Loss
Total Cross Section per Atom and Mean Free Path
Simulation of Delta-ray Production
Status of this document
Bibliography
Bremsstrahlung
Cross Section and Energy Loss
Simulation of Discrete Bremsstrahlung
Status of this document
Bibliography
Positron - Electron Annihilation
Introduction
Cross Section and Mean Free Path
Sampling the final state
Status of this document
Bibliography
Positron - Electron Annihilation into Muon - Anti-muon
Total Cross Section
Sampling of Energies and Angles
Status of this document
Bibliography
Positron - Electron Annihilation into Hadrons
Introduction
Cross Section and Mean Free Path
Sampling the final state
Status of this document
Bibliography
Synchrotron Radiation
Photon spectrum
Validity
Direct inversion and generation of the photon energy spectrum
Properties of the photon energy and power spectra
Status of this document
Bibliography
Charged Hadron Incident
Hadron and Ion Ionization
Method
Continuous Energy Loss
Total Cross Section per Atom and Mean Free Path
Simulating Delta-ray Production
Status of this document
Bibliography
Muon Incident
Muon Ionization
Status of this document
Bibliography
Bremsstrahlung
Differential Cross Section
Continuous Energy Loss
Total Cross Section
Sampling
Status of this document
Bibliography
Positron - Electron Pair Production by Muons
Differential Cross Section
Total Cross Section and Restricted Energy Loss
Sampling of Positron - Electron Pair Production
Status of this document
Bibliography
Muon Photonuclear Interaction
Differential Cross Section
Sampling
Status of this document
Bibliography
Polarized Electron/Positron/Gamma Incident
Introduction
Stokes vector
Transfer matrix
Coordinate transformations
Polarized beam and material
Status of this document
Ionization
Method
Total cross section and mean free path
Sampling the final state
Status of this document
Bibliography
Positron - Electron Annihilation
Method
Total cross section and mean free path
Sampling the final state
Annihilation at Rest
Status of this document
Bibliography
Polarized Compton scattering
Method
Total cross section and mean free path
Sampling the final state
Status of this document
Bibliography
Polarized Bremsstrahlung for electron and positron
Method
Polarization in gamma conversion and bremsstrahlung
Polarization transfer from the lepton to a photon
Remaining polarization of the lepton after emitting a bremsstrahlung photon
Status of this document
Bibliography
Polarized Gamma conversion into an electron-positron pair
Method
Polarization transfer from the photon to the two leptons
Status of this document
Bibliography
Polarized Photoelectric Effect
Method
Polarization transfer
Status of this document
Bibliography
Low Energy Extensions
Introduction
Physics
Data Sources
Distribution of the Data Sets
Calculation of Total Cross Sections
Sampling of Relevant Physics Quantities
Status of the document
Bibliography
Compton Scattering
Total Cross Section
Sampling of the Final State
Status of the document
Bibliography
Compton Scattering by Linearly Polarized Gamma Rays
The Cross Section
Angular Distribution
Polarization Vector
Unpolarized Photons
Status of this document
Bibliography
Rayleigh Scattering
Total Cross Section
Sampling of the Final State
Status of this document
Bibliography
Gamma Conversion
Total cross-section
Sampling of the final state
Status of the document
Bibliography
Photoelectric effect
Total cross-section
Sampling of the final state
Angular distribution of the emmited photoelectron
Status of the document
Bibliography
Bremsstrahlung
Bremsstrahlung angular distributions
Status of the document
Bibliography
Electron ionisation
Status of the document
Bibliography
Atomic relaxation
Fluorescence
Auger process
Status of the document
Bibliography
Hadron and Ion Ionisation
Delta-ray production
Energy Loss of Fast Hadrons
Barkas and Bloch effects
Energy losses of slow positive hadrons
Energy loss of alpha particles
Effective charge of ions
Energy losses of slow negative particles
Energy losses of hadrons in compounds
Nuclear stopping powers
Fluctuations of energy losses of hadrons
Sampling
PIXE
Status of this document
Bibliography
Penelope physics
Introduction
Compton scattering
Rayleigh scattering
Gamma conversion
Photoelectric effect
Bremsstrahlung
Ionisation
Positron Annihilation
Status of the document
Bibliography
Very Low Energy Extensions (the Geant4 DNA project)
Introduction
Processes for the interactions of electrons
Processes for the interaction of protons
Processes for the interaction of hydrogen
Processes for the interaction of helium ions
Status of the document
Bibliography
Optical Photons
Interactions of optical photons
Physics processes for optical photons
Photon polarization
Tracking of the photons
Bibliography
Shower Parameterizations
Gflash Shower Parameterizations
Parameterization Ansatz
Longitudinal Shower Profiles
Radial Shower Profiles
Gflash Performance
Status of this document
Bibliography
Hadronic Interactions
Lepton Hadron Interactions
G4MuonNucleusProcess
Cross Section Calculation
Status of this document
Bibliography
Cross-sections in Photonuclear and Electronuclear Reactions
Approximation of Photonuclear Cross Sections.
Electronuclear Cross Sections and Reactions
Common Notation for Different Approaches to Electronuclear Reactions
Status of this document
Bibliography
Total Reaction Cross Section in Nucleus-nucleus Reactions
Sihver Formula
Kox and Shen Formulae
Tripathi formula
Representative Cross Sections
Tripathi Formula for "light" Systems
Status of this document
Bibliography
Coherent elastic scattering
Nucleon-Nucleon elastic Scattering
Hadron-nucleus Elastic Scattering at Medium and High Energy
Method of Calculation
Status of this document
Bibliography
Interactions of Stopping Particles
Complementary parameterised and theoretical treatment
Pion absorption at rest
Bibliography
Parametrization Driven Models
Introduction
Low Energy Model
High Energy Model
Initial Interaction
Intra-nuclear Cascade
High Energy Cascading
High Energy Cluster Production
Medium Energy Cascading
Medium Energy Cluster Production
Elastic and Quasi-elastic Scattering
Status of this document
Leading Particle Bias
Overview
Method
Inclusive hadron production
Sampling of energy and emission angle of the secondary
Sampling statistical weight
Status of this document
Bibliography
Parton string model.
Reaction initial state simulation.
Allowed projectiles and bombarding energy range for interaction with nucleon and nuclear targets
MC initialization procedure for nucleus.
Random choice of the impact parameter.
Sample of collision participants in nuclear collisions.
MC procedure to define collision participants.
Separation of hadron diffraction excitation.
Longitudinal string excitation
Hadron-nucleon inelastic collision
The diffractive string excitation
The string excitation by parton exchange
Transverse momentum sampling
Sampling x-plus and x-minus
The diffractive string excitation
The string excitation by parton rearrangement
Longitudinal string decay.
Hadron production by string fragmentation.
The hadron formation time and coordinate.
Status of this document
Bibliography
Chiral Invariant Phase Space Decay.
Introduction
Fundamental Concepts
Code Development
Nucleon-Antinucleon Annihilation at Rest
Meson Production
Baryon Production
Nuclear Pion Capture at Rest and Photonuclear Reactions Below the Delta(3,3) Resonance
Modeling of real and virtual photon interactions with nuclei below pion production threshold
Chiral invariant phase-space decay in high energy hadron nuclear reactions
Neutrino-nuclear interactions
Conclusion.
Status of this document
Bibliography
Bertini Intranuclear Cascade Model in GEANT4
Introduction
The Geant4 Cascade Model
Model Limits
Intranuclear Cascade Model
Nuclear Model
Pre-equilibrium Model
Break-up models
Evaporation Model
Interfacing Bertini implementation
Status of this document
Bibliography
The GEANT4 Binary Cascade
Modeling overview
The transport algorithm
The description of the target nucleus and fermi motion
Optical and phenomenological potentials
Pauli blocking simulation
The scattering term
Total inclusive cross-sections
Channel cross-sections
Mass dependent resonance width and partial width
Resonance production cross-section in the t-channel
Nucleon Nucleon elastic collisions
Generation of transverse momentum
Decay
The escaping particle and coherent effects
Light ion reactions
Transition to pre-compound modeling
Calculation of excitation energies and residuals
Comparison with experiments
Bibliography
Abrasion-ablation Model
Introduction
Initial nuclear dynamics and impact parameter
Abrasion process
Abraded nucleon spectrum
De-excitation of the projectile and target nuclear pre-fragments by standard Geant4 de-excitation physics
De-excitation of the projectile and target nuclear pre-fragments by nuclear ablation
Definition of the functions P and F used in the abrasion model
Status of this document
Bibliography
Electromagnetic Dissociation Model
The Model
Status of this document
Bibliography
Precompound model.
Reaction initial state.
Simulation of pre-compound reaction
Statistical equilibrium condition
Level density of excited (n-exciton) states
Transition probabilities
Emission probabilities for nucleons
Emission probabilities for complex fragments
The total probability
Calculation of kinetic energies for emitted particle
Parameters of residual nucleus.
Status of this document
Bibliography
Evaporation Model
Introduction.
Model description.
Cross sections for inverse reactions.
Coulomb barriers.
Level densities.
Maximum energy available for evaporation.
Total decay width.
GEM Model
Fission probability calculation.
The fission total probability.
The fission barrier.
The Total Probability for Photon Evaporation
Energy of evaporated photon
Discrete photon evaporation
Internal conversion electron emission
Multipolarity
Binding energy
Isotopes
Bibliography
Fission model.
Reaction initial state.
Fission process simulation.
Atomic number distribution of fission products.
Charge distribution of fission products.
Kinetic energy distribution of fission products.
Calculation of the excitation energy of fission products.
Excited fragment momenta.
Bibliography
Fermi break-up model.
Fermi break-up simulation for light nuclei.
Allowed channel.
Break-up probability.
Fermi break-up model parameter.
Fragment characteristics.
MC procedure.
Bibliography
Multifragmentation model.
Multifragmentation process simulation.
Multifragmentation probability.
Direct simulation of the low multiplicity multifragment disintegration
Fragment multiplicity distribution.
Atomic number distribution of fragments.
Charge distribution of fragments.
Kinetic energy distribution of fragments.
Calculation of the fragment excitation energies.
Bibliography
INCL 4.2 Cascade and ABLA V3 Evaporation with Fission
Introduction
INCL4.2 cascade
Model limits
Model principles
Conservation laws
Cascade stopping time
Light ions
ABLA V3 evaporation
Level densities
Fission
External data file required
Implementation details
Physics Performance
Status of this document
Bibliography
Low Energy Neutron Interactions
Introduction
Physics and Verification
Inclusive Cross-sections
Elastic Scattering
Radiative Capture
Fission
Inelastic Scattering
High Precision Models and Low Energy Parameterized Models
Summary
Status of this document
Bibliography
Radioactive Decay
The Radioactive Decay Module
Sampling
Biasing Methods
Status of this document
Bibliography
