1 | <!-- ******************************************************** --> |
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2 | <!-- --> |
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3 | <!-- [History] --> |
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4 | <!-- Converted to DocBook: Katsuya Amako, Aug-2006 --> |
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5 | <!-- Changed by: Katsuya Amako, 14-Jul-1998 --> |
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6 | <!-- Proof read by: Joe Chuma, 29-Jun-1999 --> |
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7 | <!-- --> |
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8 | <!-- ******************************************************** --> |
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9 | |
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10 | |
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11 | <!-- ******************* Section (Level#1) ****************** --> |
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12 | <sect1 id="sect.Mate"> |
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13 | <title> |
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14 | Material |
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15 | </title> |
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16 | |
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17 | |
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18 | <!-- ******************* Section (Level#2) ****************** --> |
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19 | <sect2 id="sect.Mate.GenCons"> |
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20 | <title> |
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21 | General considerations |
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22 | </title> |
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23 | |
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24 | <para> |
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25 | In nature, materials (chemical compounds, mixtures) are made of |
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26 | elements, and elements are made of isotopes. Geant4 has three main |
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27 | classes designed to reflect this organization. Each of these |
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28 | classes has a table, which is a static data member, used to keep |
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29 | track of the instances of the respective classes created. |
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30 | |
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31 | <variablelist><title></title> |
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32 | <varlistentry> |
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33 | <term> |
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34 | <emphasis>G4Isotope</emphasis> |
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35 | </term> |
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36 | <listitem><para> |
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37 | This class describes the properties of atoms: atomic number, |
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38 | number of nucleons, mass per mole, etc. |
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39 | </para></listitem> |
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40 | </varlistentry> |
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41 | <varlistentry> |
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42 | <term> |
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43 | <emphasis>G4Element</emphasis> |
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44 | </term> |
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45 | <listitem><para> |
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46 | This class describes the properties of elements: effective |
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47 | atomic number, effective number of nucleons, effective mass per |
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48 | mole, number of isotopes, shell energy, and quantities like cross |
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49 | section per atom, etc. |
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50 | </para></listitem> |
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51 | </varlistentry> |
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52 | <varlistentry> |
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53 | <term> |
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54 | <emphasis>G4Material</emphasis> |
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55 | </term> |
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56 | <listitem><para> |
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57 | This class describes the macroscopic properties of matter: |
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58 | density, state, temperature, pressure, and macroscopic quantities |
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59 | like radiation length, mean free path, dE/dx, etc. |
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60 | </para></listitem> |
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61 | </varlistentry> |
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62 | </variablelist> |
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63 | </para> |
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64 | |
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65 | <para> |
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66 | Only the <emphasis>G4Material</emphasis> class is visible to the rest of the |
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67 | toolkit and used by the tracking, the geometry and the physics. It |
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68 | contains all the information relevant to its constituent elements |
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69 | and isotopes, while at the same time hiding their implementation |
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70 | details. |
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71 | </para> |
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72 | |
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73 | </sect2> |
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74 | |
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75 | |
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76 | <!-- ******************* Section (Level#2) ****************** --> |
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77 | <sect2 id="sect.Mate.Intro"> |
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78 | <title> |
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79 | Introduction to the Classes |
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80 | </title> |
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81 | |
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82 | |
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83 | <!-- ******************* Section (Level#3) ****************** --> |
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84 | <sect3 id="sect.Mate.Intro.Iso"> |
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85 | <title> |
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86 | G4Isotope |
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87 | </title> |
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88 | |
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89 | <para> |
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90 | A <emphasis>G4Isotope</emphasis> object has a name, atomic number, number of |
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91 | nucleons, mass per mole, and an index in the table. The constructor |
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92 | automatically stores "this" isotope in the isotopes table, which |
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93 | will assign it an index number. |
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94 | </para> |
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95 | |
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96 | </sect3> |
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97 | |
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98 | <!-- ******************* Section (Level#3) ****************** --> |
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99 | <sect3 id="sect.Mate.Intro.Ele"> |
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100 | <title> |
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101 | G4Element |
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102 | </title> |
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103 | |
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104 | <para> |
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105 | A <emphasis>G4Element</emphasis> object has a name, symbol, effective atomic |
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106 | number, effective number of nucleons, effective mass of a mole, an |
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107 | index in the elements table, the number of isotopes, a vector of |
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108 | pointers to such isotopes, and a vector of relative abundances |
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109 | referring to such isotopes (where relative abundance means the |
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110 | number of atoms per volume). In addition, the class has methods to |
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111 | add, one by one, the isotopes which are to form the element. |
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112 | </para> |
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113 | |
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114 | <para> |
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115 | A <emphasis>G4Element</emphasis> object can be constructed by directly |
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116 | providing the effective atomic number, effective number of |
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117 | nucleons, and effective mass of a mole, if the user explicitly |
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118 | wants to do so. Alternatively, a <emphasis>G4Element</emphasis> object can be |
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119 | constructed by declaring the number of isotopes of which it will be |
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120 | composed. The constructor will "new" a vector of pointers to |
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121 | <emphasis>G4Isotopes</emphasis> and a vector of doubles to store their relative |
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122 | abundances. Finally, the method to add an isotope must be invoked |
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123 | for each of the desired (pre-existing) isotope objects, providing |
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124 | their addresses and relative abundances. At the last isotope entry, |
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125 | the system will automatically compute the effective atomic number, |
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126 | effective number of nucleons and effective mass of a mole, and will |
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127 | store "this" element in the elements table. |
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128 | </para> |
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129 | |
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130 | <para> |
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131 | A few quantities, with physical meaning or not, which are |
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132 | constant in a given element, are computed and stored here as |
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133 | "derived data members". |
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134 | </para> |
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135 | |
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136 | <para> |
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137 | Using the internal Geant4 database, a <emphasis>G4Element</emphasis> can be accessed |
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138 | by atomic number or by atomic symbol ("Al", "Fe", "Pb"...). In that |
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139 | case <emphasis>G4Element</emphasis> will be found from the list of existing elements or |
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140 | will be constructed using data from the Geant4 database, which is |
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141 | derived from the |
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142 | <ulink url="http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/Compositions/index.html">NIST database |
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143 | of elements and isotope compositions</ulink>. |
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144 | Thus, the natural isotope composition can be built by default. |
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145 | The same element |
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146 | can be created as using the NIST database with the |
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147 | natural composition of isotopes |
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148 | and from scratch in user code with user defined isotope composition. |
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149 | </para> |
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150 | |
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151 | </sect3> |
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152 | |
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153 | <!-- ******************* Section (Level#3) ****************** --> |
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154 | <sect3 id="sect.Mate.Intro.Mate"> |
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155 | <title> |
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156 | G4Material |
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157 | </title> |
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158 | |
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159 | <para> |
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160 | A <emphasis>G4Material</emphasis> object has a name, density, physical state, |
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161 | temperature and pressure (by default the standard conditions), the |
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162 | number of elements and a vector of pointers to such elements, a |
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163 | vector of the fraction of mass for each element, a vector of the |
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164 | atoms (or molecules) numbers of each element, and an index in the |
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165 | materials table. In addition, the class has methods to add, one by |
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166 | one, the elements which will comprise the material. |
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167 | </para> |
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168 | |
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169 | <para> |
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170 | A <emphasis>G4Material</emphasis> object can be constructed by directly |
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171 | providing the resulting effective numbers, if the user explicitly |
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172 | wants to do so (an underlying element will be created with these |
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173 | numbers). Alternatively, a <emphasis>G4Material</emphasis> object can be |
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174 | constructed by declaring the number of elements of which it will be |
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175 | composed. The constructor will "new" a vector of pointers to |
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176 | <emphasis>G4Element</emphasis> and a vector of doubles to store their fraction of |
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177 | mass. Finally, the method to add an element must be invoked for |
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178 | each of the desired (pre-existing) element objects, providing their |
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179 | addresses and mass fractions. At the last element entry, the system |
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180 | will automatically compute the vector of the number of atoms of |
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181 | each element per volume, the total number of electrons per volume, |
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182 | and will store "this" material in the materials table. In the same |
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183 | way, a material can be constructed as a mixture of other materials |
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184 | and elements. |
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185 | </para> |
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186 | |
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187 | <para> |
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188 | It should be noted that if the user provides the number of atoms |
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189 | (or molecules) for each element comprising the chemical compound, |
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190 | the system automatically computes the mass fraction. A few |
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191 | quantities, with physical meaning or not, which are constant in a |
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192 | given material, are computed and stored here as "derived data |
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193 | members". |
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194 | </para> |
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195 | |
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196 | <para> |
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197 | Some materials are included in the internal Geant4 database, |
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198 | which were derived from the |
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199 | <ulink url="http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/Star/Text/method.html">NIST database |
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200 | of material properties</ulink>. |
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201 | Additionally a number of materials friquently used in HEP is |
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202 | included in the database. Materials are interrogated or constructed |
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203 | by their <emphasis>names</emphasis> (<xref linkend="sect.G4MatrDb" />). |
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204 | There are UI commands for the material category, which provide |
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205 | an interactive access to the database. If material is created |
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206 | using the NIST database by it will |
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207 | consist by default of elements with the natural composition of isotopes. |
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208 | </para> |
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209 | |
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210 | </sect3> |
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211 | |
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212 | <!-- ******************* Section (Level#3) ****************** --> |
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213 | <sect3 id="sect.Mate.Intro.Fin"> |
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214 | <title> |
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215 | Final Considerations |
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216 | </title> |
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217 | |
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218 | <para> |
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219 | The classes will automatically decide |
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220 | if the total of the mass fractions is correct, and perform the |
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221 | necessary checks. The main reason why a fixed index is kept as a |
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222 | data member is that many cross section and energy tables will be |
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223 | built in the physics processes "by rows of materials (or elements, |
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224 | or even isotopes)". The tracking gives the physics process the |
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225 | address of a material object (the material of the current volume). |
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226 | If the material has an index according to which the cross section |
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227 | table has been built, then direct access is available when a number |
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228 | in such a table must be accessed. We get directly to the correct |
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229 | row, and the energy of the particle will tell us the column. |
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230 | Without such an index, every access to the cross section or energy |
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231 | tables would imply a search to get to the correct material's row. |
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232 | More details will be given in the section on processes. |
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233 | </para> |
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234 | |
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235 | <para> |
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236 | Isotopes, elements and materials must be instantiated dynamically |
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237 | in the user application; they are automatically registered in |
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238 | internal stores and the system takes care to free the memory |
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239 | allocated at the end of the job. |
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240 | </para> |
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241 | |
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242 | </sect3> |
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243 | </sect2> |
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244 | |
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245 | |
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246 | <!-- ******************* Section (Level#2) ****************** --> |
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247 | <sect2 id="sect.Mate.Recep"> |
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248 | <title> |
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249 | Recipes for Building Elements and Materials |
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250 | </title> |
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251 | |
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252 | <para> |
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253 | <xref linkend="programlist_Mate_1" /> illustrates the different ways to define |
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254 | materials. |
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255 | </para> |
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256 | |
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257 | <example id="programlist_Mate_1"> |
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258 | <title> |
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259 | A program which illustrates the different ways to define materials. |
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260 | </title> |
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261 | |
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262 | <programlisting> |
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263 | #include "G4Isotope.hh" |
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264 | #include "G4Element.hh" |
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265 | #include "G4Material.hh" |
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266 | #include "G4UnitsTable.hh" |
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267 | |
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268 | int main() { |
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269 | G4String name, symbol; // a=mass of a mole; |
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270 | G4double a, z, density; // z=mean number of protons; |
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271 | G4int iz, n; // iz=nb of protons in an isotope; |
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272 | // n=nb of nucleons in an isotope; |
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273 | G4int ncomponents, natoms; |
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274 | G4double abundance, fractionmass; |
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275 | G4double temperature, pressure; |
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276 | |
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277 | G4UnitDefinition::BuildUnitsTable(); |
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278 | |
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279 | // define Elements |
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280 | a = 1.01*g/mole; |
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281 | G4Element* elH = new G4Element(name="Hydrogen",symbol="H" , z= 1., a); |
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282 | |
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283 | a = 12.01*g/mole; |
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284 | G4Element* elC = new G4Element(name="Carbon" ,symbol="C" , z= 6., a); |
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285 | |
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286 | a = 14.01*g/mole; |
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287 | G4Element* elN = new G4Element(name="Nitrogen",symbol="N" , z= 7., a); |
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288 | |
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289 | a = 16.00*g/mole; |
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290 | G4Element* elO = new G4Element(name="Oxygen" ,symbol="O" , z= 8., a); |
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291 | |
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292 | a = 28.09*g/mole; |
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293 | G4Element* elSi = new G4Element(name="Silicon", symbol="Si", z=14., a); |
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294 | |
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295 | a = 55.85*g/mole; |
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296 | G4Element* elFe = new G4Element(name="Iron" ,symbol="Fe", z=26., a); |
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297 | |
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298 | a = 183.84*g/mole; |
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299 | G4Element* elW = new G4Element(name="Tungsten" ,symbol="W", z=74., a); |
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300 | |
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301 | a = 207.20*g/mole; |
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302 | G4Element* elPb = new G4Element(name="Lead" ,symbol="Pb", z=82., a); |
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303 | |
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304 | // define an Element from isotopes, by relative abundance |
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305 | G4Isotope* U5 = new G4Isotope(name="U235", iz=92, n=235, a=235.01*g/mole); |
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306 | G4Isotope* U8 = new G4Isotope(name="U238", iz=92, n=238, a=238.03*g/mole); |
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307 | |
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308 | G4Element* elU = new G4Element(name="enriched Uranium", symbol="U", ncomponents=2); |
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309 | elU->AddIsotope(U5, abundance= 90.*perCent); |
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310 | elU->AddIsotope(U8, abundance= 10.*perCent); |
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311 | |
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312 | cout << *(G4Isotope::GetIsotopeTable()) << endl; |
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313 | cout << *(G4Element::GetElementTable()) << endl; |
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314 | </programlisting> |
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315 | </example> |
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316 | <informalexample> |
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317 | <programlisting> |
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318 | // define simple materials |
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319 | density = 2.700*g/cm3; |
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320 | a = 26.98*g/mole; |
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321 | G4Material* Al = new G4Material(name="Aluminum", z=13., a, density); |
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322 | |
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323 | density = 1.390*g/cm3; |
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324 | a = 39.95*g/mole; |
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325 | vG4Material* lAr = new G4Material(name="liquidArgon", z=18., a, density); |
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326 | |
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327 | density = 8.960*g/cm3; |
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328 | a = 63.55*g/mole; |
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329 | G4Material* Cu = new G4Material(name="Copper" , z=29., a, density); |
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330 | |
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331 | // define a material from elements. case 1: chemical molecule |
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332 | density = 1.000*g/cm3; |
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333 | G4Material* H2O = new G4Material(name="Water", density, ncomponents=2); |
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334 | H2O->AddElement(elH, natoms=2); |
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335 | H2O->AddElement(elO, natoms=1); |
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336 | |
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337 | density = 1.032*g/cm3; |
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338 | G4Material* Sci = new G4Material(name="Scintillator", density, ncomponents=2); |
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339 | Sci->AddElement(elC, natoms=9); |
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340 | Sci->AddElement(elH, natoms=10); |
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341 | |
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342 | density = 2.200*g/cm3; |
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343 | G4Material* SiO2 = new G4Material(name="quartz", density, ncomponents=2); |
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344 | SiO2->AddElement(elSi, natoms=1); |
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345 | SiO2->AddElement(elO , natoms=2); |
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346 | |
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347 | density = 8.280*g/cm3; |
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348 | G4Material* PbWO4= new G4Material(name="PbWO4", density, ncomponents=3); |
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349 | PbWO4->AddElement(elO , natoms=4); |
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350 | PbWO4->AddElement(elW , natoms=1); |
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351 | PbWO4->AddElement(elPb, natoms=1); |
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352 | |
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353 | // define a material from elements. case 2: mixture by fractional mass |
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354 | density = 1.290*mg/cm3; |
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355 | G4Material* Air = new G4Material(name="Air " , density, ncomponents=2); |
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356 | Air->AddElement(elN, fractionmass=0.7); |
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357 | Air->AddElement(elO, fractionmass=0.3); |
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358 | |
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359 | // define a material from elements and/or others materials (mixture of mixtures) |
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360 | density = 0.200*g/cm3; |
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361 | G4Material* Aerog = new G4Material(name="Aerogel", density, ncomponents=3); |
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362 | Aerog->AddMaterial(SiO2, fractionmass=62.5*perCent); |
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363 | Aerog->AddMaterial(H2O , fractionmass=37.4*perCent); |
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364 | Aerog->AddElement (elC , fractionmass= 0.1*perCent); |
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365 | </programlisting> |
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366 | </informalexample> |
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367 | <informalexample> |
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368 | <programlisting> |
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369 | // examples of gas in non STP conditions |
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370 | density = 27.*mg/cm3; |
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371 | pressure = 50.*atmosphere; |
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372 | temperature = 325.*kelvin; |
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373 | G4Material* CO2 = new G4Material(name="Carbonic gas", density, ncomponents=2, |
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374 | kStateGas,temperature,pressure); |
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375 | CO2->AddElement(elC, natoms=1); |
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376 | CO2->AddElement(elO, natoms=2); |
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377 | |
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378 | density = 0.3*mg/cm3; |
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379 | pressure = 2.*atmosphere; |
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380 | temperature = 500.*kelvin; |
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381 | G4Material* steam = new G4Material(name="Water steam ", density, ncomponents=1, |
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382 | kStateGas,temperature,pressure); |
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383 | steam->AddMaterial(H2O, fractionmass=1.); |
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384 | |
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385 | // What about vacuum ? Vacuum is an ordinary gas with very low density |
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386 | density = universe_mean_density; //from PhysicalConstants.h |
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387 | pressure = 1.e-19*pascal; |
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388 | temperature = 0.1*kelvin; |
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389 | new G4Material(name="Galactic", z=1., a=1.01*g/mole, density, |
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390 | kStateGas,temperature,pressure); |
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391 | |
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392 | density = 1.e-5*g/cm3; |
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393 | pressure = 2.e-2*bar; |
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394 | temperature = STP_Temperature; //from PhysicalConstants.h |
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395 | G4Material* beam = new G4Material(name="Beam ", density, ncomponents=1, |
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396 | kStateGas,temperature,pressure); |
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397 | beam->AddMaterial(Air, fractionmass=1.); |
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398 | |
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399 | // print the table of materials |
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400 | G4cout << *(G4Material::GetMaterialTable()) << endl; |
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401 | |
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402 | return EXIT_SUCCESS; |
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403 | } |
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404 | </programlisting> |
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405 | </informalexample> |
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406 | <para> |
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407 | As can be seen in the later examples, a material has a state: |
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408 | solid (the default), liquid, or gas. The constructor checks the |
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409 | density and automatically sets the state to gas below a given |
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410 | threshold (10 mg/cm3). |
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411 | </para> |
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412 | |
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413 | <para> |
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414 | In the case of a gas, one may specify the temperature and |
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415 | pressure. The defaults are STP conditions defined in |
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416 | <literal>PhysicalConstants.hh</literal>. |
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417 | </para> |
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418 | |
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419 | <para> |
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420 | An element must have the number of nucleons >= number of |
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421 | protons >= 1. |
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422 | </para> |
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423 | |
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424 | <para> |
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425 | A material must have non-zero values of density, temperature and |
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426 | pressure. |
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427 | </para> |
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428 | |
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429 | <para> |
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430 | Materials can also be defined using the internal Geant4 |
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431 | database. <xref linkend="programlist_Mate_2" /> illustrates |
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432 | how to do this for the same materials used in |
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433 | <xref linkend="programlist_Mate_1" />. |
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434 | There are also UI commands which allow the database to be accessed. |
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435 | <emphasis>The list of currently avalable material names</emphasis> |
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436 | (<xref linkend="sect.G4MatrDb" />) is extended permanetly. |
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437 | </para> |
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438 | |
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439 | <example id="programlist_Mate_2"> |
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440 | <title> |
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441 | A program which shows how to define materials from the internal database. |
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442 | </title> |
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443 | |
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444 | <programlisting> |
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445 | #include "globals.hh" |
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446 | #include "G4Material.hh" |
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447 | #include "G4NistManager.hh" |
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448 | |
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449 | int main() { |
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450 | G4NistManager* man = G4NistManager::Instance(); |
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451 | man->SetVerbose(1); |
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452 | |
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453 | // define elements |
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454 | G4Element* C = man->FindOrBuildElement("C"); |
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455 | G4Element* Pb = man->FindOrBuildMaterial("Pb"); |
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456 | |
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457 | // define pure NIST materials |
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458 | G4Material* Al = man->FindOrBuildMaterial("G4_Al"); |
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459 | G4Material* Cu = man->FindOrBuildMaterial("G4_Cu"); |
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460 | |
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461 | // define NIST materials |
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462 | G4Material* H2O = man->FindOrBuildMaterial("G4_WATER"); |
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463 | G4Material* Sci = man->FindOrBuildMaterial("G4_PLASTIC_SC_VINYLTOLUENE"); |
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464 | G4Material* SiO2 = man->FindOrBuildMaterial("G4_SILICON_DIOXIDE"); |
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465 | G4Material* Air = man->FindOrBuildMaterial("G4_AIR"); |
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466 | |
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467 | // HEP materials |
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468 | G4Material* PbWO4 = man->FindOrBuildMaterial("G4_PbWO4"); |
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469 | G4Material* lAr = man->FindOrBuildMaterial("G4_lAr"); |
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470 | G4Material* vac = man->FindOrBuildMaterial("G4_Galactic"); |
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471 | |
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472 | // define gas material at non STP conditions (T = 120K, P=0.5atm) |
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473 | G4Material* coldAr = man->ConstructNewGasdMaterial("ColdAr","G4_Ar",120.*kelvin,0.5*atmosphere); |
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474 | |
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475 | // print the table of materials |
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476 | G4cout << *(G4Material::GetMaterialTable()) << endl; |
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477 | |
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478 | return EXIT_SUCCESS; |
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479 | } |
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480 | </programlisting> |
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481 | </example> |
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482 | |
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483 | </sect2> |
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484 | |
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485 | |
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486 | <!-- ******************* Section (Level#2) ****************** --> |
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487 | <sect2 id="sect.Mate.Tables"> |
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488 | <title> |
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489 | The Tables |
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490 | </title> |
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491 | |
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492 | <!-- ******************* Section (Level#3) ****************** --> |
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493 | <sect3 id="sect.Mate.Tables.PrintCons"> |
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494 | <title> |
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495 | Print a constituent |
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496 | </title> |
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497 | |
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498 | <para> |
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499 | The following shows how to print a constituent: |
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500 | |
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501 | <informalexample> |
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502 | <programlisting> |
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503 | G4cout << elU << endl; |
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504 | G4cout << Air << endl; |
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505 | </programlisting> |
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506 | </informalexample> |
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507 | </para> |
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508 | |
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509 | </sect3> |
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510 | |
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511 | <!-- ******************* Section (Level#3) ****************** --> |
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512 | <sect3 id="sect.Mate.Tables.PrintTab"> |
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513 | <title> |
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514 | Print the table of materials |
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515 | </title> |
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516 | |
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517 | <para> |
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518 | The following shows how to print the table of materials: |
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519 | |
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520 | <informalexample> |
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521 | <programlisting> |
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522 | G4cout << *(G4Material::GetMaterialTable()) << endl; |
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523 | </programlisting> |
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524 | </informalexample> |
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525 | </para> |
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526 | |
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527 | |
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528 | </sect3> |
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529 | </sect2> |
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530 | </sect1> |
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