source: trunk/examples/extended/medical/DICOM/src/DicomHandler.cc @ 1230

//
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// ********************************************************************
//
// The code was written by :
//      *Louis Archambault louis.archambault@phy.ulaval.ca,
//      *Luc Beaulieu beaulieu@phy.ulaval.ca
//      +Vincent Hubert-Tremblay at tigre.2@sympatico.ca
//
//
// *Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec (CHUQ),
// Hotel-Dieu de Quebec, departement de Radio-oncologie
// 11 cote du palais. Quebec, QC, Canada, G1R 2J6
// tel (418) 525-4444 #6720
// fax (418) 691 5268
//
// + Universit.AŽé Laval, QuŽébec (QC) Canada
//*******************************************************
//
//*******************************************************
//
//*******************************************************
//
// DicomHandler.cc :
//      - Handling of DICM images
//      - Reading headers and pixels
//      - Transforming pixel to density and creating *.g4dcm
//        files
//      - Definitions are in DicomHandler.hh
//*******************************************************

#include "DicomHandler.hh"
#include "globals.hh"
#include "G4ios.hh"
#include <fstream>

#include <cctype>
#include <cstring>


DicomHandler::DicomHandler()
    : DATABUFFSIZE(8192), LINEBUFFSIZE(128), FILENAMESIZE(512),
      compression(0), nFiles(0), rows(0), columns(0),
      bitAllocated(0), maxPixelValue(0), minPixelValue(0),
      pixelSpacingX(0.), pixelSpacingY(0.),
      sliceThickness(0.), sliceLocation(0.),
      rescaleIntercept(0), rescaleSlope(0),
      littleEndian(true), implicitEndian(false),
      pixelRepresentation(0) {
    ;
}

DicomHandler::~DicomHandler() {
    ;
}

G4int DicomHandler::ReadFile(FILE *dicom, char * filename2)
{
  G4cout << " ReadFile " << filename2 << G4endl;
    G4int returnvalue = 0;
    char * buffer = new char[LINEBUFFSIZE];

    implicitEndian = false;
    littleEndian = true;

    std::fread( buffer, 1, 128, dicom ); // The first 128 bytes 
                                         //are not important
    // Reads the "DICOM" letters
    std::fread( buffer, 1, 4, dicom );
    // if there is no preamble, the FILE pointer is rewinded.
    if(std::strncmp("DICM", buffer, 4) != 0) {
        std::fseek(dicom, 0, SEEK_SET);
        implicitEndian = true;
    }

    short readGroupId;    // identify the kind of input data 
    short readElementId;  // identify a particular type information
    short elementLength2; // deal with element length in 2 bytes
    G4int elementLength4; // deal with element length in 4 bytes

    char * data = new char[DATABUFFSIZE];

    // Read information up to the pixel data
    while(true) {

        //Reading groups and elements :
        readGroupId = 0;
        readElementId = 0;
        // group ID
        std::fread(buffer, 2, 1, dicom);
        GetValue(buffer, readGroupId);
        // element ID
        std::fread(buffer, 2, 1, dicom);
        GetValue(buffer, readElementId);

        // Creating a tag to be identified afterward
        G4int tagDictionary = readGroupId*0x10000 + readElementId;


        // VR or element length
        std::fread(buffer,2,1,dicom);
        GetValue(buffer, elementLength2);

        // If value representation (VR) is OB, OW, SQ, UN, 
        //the next length is 32 bits
        if((elementLength2 == 0x424f ||  // "OB"
            elementLength2 == 0x574f ||  // "OW"
            elementLength2 == 0x5153 ||  // "SQ"
            elementLength2 == 0x4e55) && // "UN"
           !implicitEndian ) {           // explicit VR

            std::fread(buffer, 2, 1, dicom); // Skip 2 reserved bytes

            // element length
            std::fread(buffer, 4, 1, dicom);
            GetValue(buffer, elementLength4);

            // beginning of the pixels
            if(tagDictionary == 0x7FE00010) break;

            // Reading the information with data
            std::fread(data, elementLength4,1,dicom);


        } else { // length is 16 bits :

            if(!implicitEndian || readGroupId == 2) {
                // element length (2 bytes)
                std::fread(buffer, 2, 1, dicom);
                GetValue(buffer, elementLength2);
                elementLength4 = elementLength2;

            } else { 
                // element length (4 bytes)
                if(std::fseek(dicom, -2, SEEK_CUR) != 0) {
                    G4cerr << "[DicomHandler] fseek failed" << G4endl;
                    exit(-10);
                }
                std::fread(buffer, 4, 1, dicom);
                GetValue(buffer, elementLength4);
            }

            // beginning of the pixels
            if(tagDictionary == 0x7FE00010) break;

            std::fread(data, elementLength4, 1, dicom);
        }

        // NULL termination
        data[elementLength4] = '\0';

        // analyzing information 
        GetInformation(tagDictionary, data);
    }

    // Creating files to store information
    std::ofstream foutG4DCM;
    G4String fnameG4DCM = G4String(filename2) + ".g4dcm";
    foutG4DCM.open(fnameG4DCM);
    G4cout << " opened fnameG4DCM file " << fnameG4DCM << G4endl;

    foutG4DCM << fMaterialIndices.size() << G4endl;
    //--- Write materials
    size_t ii = 0;
    std::map<G4double,G4String>::const_iterator ite;
    for( ite = fMaterialIndices.begin(); ite != fMaterialIndices.end(); ite++, ii++ ){
      foutG4DCM << ii << " " << (*ite).second << G4endl;
    }
    //--- Write number of voxels (assume only one voxel in Z)
    foutG4DCM << rows/compression << " " << columns/compression << " 1 " << G4endl;
    //--- Write minimum and maximum extensions
    foutG4DCM << -pixelSpacingX*rows/2 << " " << pixelSpacingX*rows/2 << G4endl;
    foutG4DCM << -pixelSpacingY*columns/2 << " " << pixelSpacingY*columns/2 << G4endl;
    foutG4DCM << sliceLocation-sliceThickness/2. << " " << sliceLocation+sliceThickness/2. << G4endl;
    
    ReadData( dicom, filename2 );
    
    StoreData( foutG4DCM );

    foutG4DCM.close();

    //
    delete [] buffer;
    delete [] data;

    return returnvalue;
}

//
void DicomHandler::GetInformation(G4int & tagDictionary, char * data) {
    if(tagDictionary == 0x00280010 ) { // Number of Rows
        GetValue(data, rows);
        std::printf("[0x00280010] Rows -> %i\n",rows);

    } else if(tagDictionary == 0x00280011 ) { // Number of columns
        GetValue(data, columns);
        std::printf("[0x00280011] Columns -> %i\n",columns);

    } else if(tagDictionary == 0x00280102 ) { // High bits  ( not used )
        short highBits;
        GetValue(data, highBits);
        std::printf("[0x00280102] High bits -> %i\n",highBits);

    } else if(tagDictionary == 0x00280100 ) { // Bits allocated
        GetValue(data, bitAllocated);
        std::printf("[0x00280100] Bits allocated -> %i\n", bitAllocated);

    } else if(tagDictionary == 0x00280101 ) { //  Bits stored ( not used )
        short bitStored;
        GetValue(data, bitStored);
        std::printf("[0x00280101] Bits stored -> %i\n",bitStored);

    } else if(tagDictionary == 0x00280106 ) { //  Min. pixel value
        GetValue(data, minPixelValue);
        std::printf("[0x00280106] Min. pixel value -> %i\n", minPixelValue);

    } else if(tagDictionary == 0x00280107 ) { //  Max. pixel value
        GetValue(data, maxPixelValue);
        std::printf("[0x00280107] Max. pixel value -> %i\n", maxPixelValue);

    } else if(tagDictionary == 0x00281053) { //  Rescale slope
        rescaleSlope = atoi(data);
        std::printf("[0x00281053] Rescale Slope -> %d\n", rescaleSlope);

    } else if(tagDictionary == 0x00281052 ) { // Rescalse intercept
        rescaleIntercept = atoi(data);
        std::printf("[0x00281052] Rescale Intercept -> %d\n", rescaleIntercept );

    } else if(tagDictionary == 0x00280103 ) {
        //  Pixel representation ( functions not design to read signed bits )
        pixelRepresentation = atoi(data); // 0: unsigned  1: signed 
        std::printf("[0x00280103] Pixel Representation -> %i\n", pixelRepresentation);
        if(pixelRepresentation == 1 ) {
            std::printf("### PIXEL REPRESENTATION = 1, BITS ARE SIGNED, ");
            std::printf("DICOM READING SCAN FOR UNSIGNED VALUE, POSSIBLE ");
            std::printf("ERROR !!!!!! -> \n");
        }

    } else if(tagDictionary == 0x00080006 ) { //  Modality
        std::printf("[0x00080006] Modality -> %s\n", data);

    } else if(tagDictionary == 0x00080070 ) { //  Manufacturer
        std::printf("[0x00080070] Manufacturer -> %s\n", data);

    } else if(tagDictionary == 0x00080080 ) { //  Institution Name
        std::printf("[0x00080080] Institution Name -> %s\n", data);

    } else if(tagDictionary == 0x00080081 ) { //  Institution Address
        std::printf("[0x00080081] Institution Address -> %s\n", data);

    } else if(tagDictionary == 0x00081040 ) { //  Institution Department Name
        std::printf("[0x00081040] Institution Department Name -> %s\n", data);

    } else if(tagDictionary == 0x00081090 ) { //  Manufacturer's Model Name
        std::printf("[0x00081090] Manufacturer's Model Name -> %s\n", data);

    } else if(tagDictionary == 0x00181000 ) { //  Device Serial Number
        std::printf("[0x00181000] Device Serial Number -> %s\n", data);

    } else if(tagDictionary == 0x00080008 ) { //  Image type ( not used )
        std::printf("[0x00080008] Image Types -> %s\n", data);
            
    } else if(tagDictionary == 0x00283000 ) { //  Modality LUT Sequence ( not used )
        std::printf("[0x00283000] Modality LUT Sequence SQ 1 -> %s\n", data);

    } else if(tagDictionary == 0x00283002 ) { // LUT Descriptor ( not used )
        std::printf("[0x00283002] LUT Descriptor US or SS 3 -> %s\n", data);

    } else if(tagDictionary == 0x00283003 ) { // LUT Explanation ( not used )
        std::printf("[0x00283003] LUT Explanation LO 1 -> %s\n", data);

    } else if(tagDictionary == 0x00283004 ) { // Modality LUT ( not used )
        std::printf("[0x00283004] Modality LUT Type LO 1 -> %s\n", data);

    } else if(tagDictionary == 0x00283006 ) { // LUT Data ( not used )
        std::printf("[0x00283006] LUT Data US or SS -> %s\n", data);

    } else if(tagDictionary == 0x00283010 ) { // VOI LUT ( not used )
        std::printf("[0x00283010] VOI LUT Sequence SQ 1 -> %s\n", data);

    } else if(tagDictionary == 0x00280120 ) { // Pixel Padding Value ( not used )
        std::printf("[0x00280120] Pixel Padding Value US or SS 1 -> %s\n", data);

    } else if(tagDictionary == 0x00280030 ) { // Pixel Spacing
      G4String datas(data);
      int iss = datas.find('\\');
      pixelSpacingX = atof( datas.substr(0,iss).c_str() );
      pixelSpacingY = atof( datas.substr(iss+2,datas.length()).c_str() );

    } else if(tagDictionary == 0x00200037 ) { // Image Orientation ( not used )
        std::printf("[0x00200037] Image Orientation (Patient) -> %s\n", data);

    } else if(tagDictionary == 0x00200032 ) { // Image Position ( not used )
        std::printf("[0x00200032] Image Position (Patient,mm) -> %s\n", data);

    } else if(tagDictionary == 0x00180050 ) { // Slice Thickness
        sliceThickness = atof(data);
        std::printf("[0x00180050] Slice Thickness (mm) -> %f\n", sliceThickness);

    } else if(tagDictionary == 0x00201041 ) { // Slice Location
        sliceLocation = atof(data);
        std::printf("[0x00201041] Slice Location -> %f\n", sliceLocation);

    } else if(tagDictionary == 0x00280004 ) { // Photometric Interpretation ( not used )
        std::printf("[0x00280004] Photometric Interpretation -> %s\n", data);

    } else if(tagDictionary == 0x00020010) { // Endian
        if(strcmp(data, "1.2.840.10008.1.2") == 0)
            implicitEndian = true;
        else if(strncmp(data, "1.2.840.10008.1.2.2", 19) == 0)
            littleEndian = false;
        //else 1.2.840..10008.1.2.1 (explicit little endian)
                   
        std::printf("[0x00020010] Endian -> %s\n", data);
    }

    // others
    else {
        std::printf("[0x%x] -> %s\n", tagDictionary, data);

    }

}

void DicomHandler::StoreData(std::ofstream& foutG4DCM) 
{
  G4int mean;
  G4double density;
  G4bool overflow = false;
  G4int cpt=1;

  //----- Print indices of material 
  if(compression == 1) { // no compression: each pixel has a density value)
    for( G4int ww = 0; ww < rows; ww++) {
      for( G4int xx = 0; xx < columns; xx++) {
        mean = tab[ww][xx];
        density = Pixel2density(mean);
        foutG4DCM << GetMaterialIndex( density ) << " ";
      }
      foutG4DCM << G4endl;
    }
    
  } else {
    // density value is the average of a square region of
    // compression*compression pixels
    for(G4int ww = 0; ww < rows ;ww += compression ) {
      for(G4int xx = 0; xx < columns ;xx +=compression ) {
        overflow = false;
        mean = 0;
        for(int sumx = 0; sumx < compression; sumx++) {
          for(int sumy = 0; sumy < compression; sumy++) {
            if(ww+sumy >= rows || xx+sumx >= columns) overflow = true;
            mean += tab[ww+sumy][xx+sumx];
          }
          if(overflow) break;
        }
        mean /= compression*compression;
        cpt = 1;
        
        if(!overflow) {
          G4double density = Pixel2density(mean);
          foutG4DCM << GetMaterialIndex( density ) << " ";
        }
      }
      foutG4DCM << G4endl;
    }

  }

  //----- Print densities
  if(compression == 1) { // no compression: each pixel has a density value)
    for( G4int ww = 0; ww < rows; ww++) {
      for( G4int xx = 0; xx < columns; xx++) {
        mean = tab[ww][xx];
        density = Pixel2density(mean);
        foutG4DCM << density << " ";
        if( xx%8 == 3 ) foutG4DCM << G4endl; // just for nicer reading
      }
    }
    
  } else {
    // density value is the average of a square region of
    // compression*compression pixels
    for(G4int ww = 0; ww < rows ;ww += compression ) {
      for(G4int xx = 0; xx < columns ;xx +=compression ) {
        overflow = false;
        mean = 0;
        for(int sumx = 0; sumx < compression; sumx++) {
          for(int sumy = 0; sumy < compression; sumy++) {
            if(ww+sumy >= rows || xx+sumx >= columns) overflow = true;
            mean += tab[ww+sumy][xx+sumx];
          }
          if(overflow) break;
        }
        mean /= compression*compression;
        cpt = 1;
        
        if(!overflow) {
          G4double density = Pixel2density(mean);
          foutG4DCM << density  << " ";
          if( xx/compression%8 == 3 ) foutG4DCM << G4endl; // just for nicer reading
        }
      }
    }

  }

}

void DicomHandler::ReadMaterialIndices( std::ifstream& finData)
{
  size_t nMate;
  G4String mateName;
  G4double densityMax;
  finData >> nMate;
  if( finData.eof() ) return;

  G4cout << " ReadMaterialIndices " << nMate << G4endl;
  for( size_t ii = 0; ii < nMate; ii++ ){
    finData >> mateName >> densityMax;
    fMaterialIndices[densityMax] = mateName;
    G4cout << ii << " ReadMaterialIndices " << mateName << " " << densityMax << G4endl;
  }

}

size_t DicomHandler::GetMaterialIndex( G4double density )
{
  size_t mateID;
  std::map<G4double,G4String>::reverse_iterator ite;
  G4int ii = fMaterialIndices.size();
  for( ite = fMaterialIndices.rbegin(); ite != fMaterialIndices.rend(); ite++, ii-- ) {
    if( density >= (*ite).first ) {
      break;
    }
  }
  //-  G4cout << " GetMaterialIndex " << density << " = " << ii << G4endl;
  return  ii;

}

//
G4int DicomHandler::ReadData(FILE *dicom,char * filename2)
{
    G4int returnvalue = 0;

    //  READING THE PIXELS :
    G4int w = 0;
    G4int len = 0;
    
    tab = new G4int*[rows];
    for ( G4int i = 0; i < rows; i ++ ) {
      tab[i] = new G4int[columns];
    }

    if(bitAllocated == 8) { // Case 8 bits :

        std::printf("@@@ Error! Picture != 16 bits...\n");
        std::printf("@@@ Error! Picture != 16 bits...\n"); 
        std::printf("@@@ Error! Picture != 16 bits...\n"); 

        unsigned char ch = 0;

        len = rows*columns;
        for(G4int j = 0; j < rows; j++) {
            for(G4int i = 0; i < columns; i++) {
                w++;
                std::fread( &ch, 1, 1, dicom);
                tab[j][i] = ch*rescaleSlope + rescaleIntercept;
            }
        }
        returnvalue = 1;

    } else { //  from 12 to 16 bits :
        char sbuff[2];
        short pixel;
        len = rows*columns;
        for( G4int j = 0; j < rows; j++) {
            for( G4int i = 0; i < columns; i++) {
                w++;
                std::fread(sbuff, 2, 1, dicom);
                GetValue(sbuff, pixel);
                tab[j][i] = pixel*rescaleSlope + rescaleIntercept;
            }
        }
    }

    // Creation of .g4 files wich contains averaged density data

    char * nameProcessed = new char[FILENAMESIZE];
    FILE* processed;

    std::sprintf(nameProcessed,"%s.g4",filename2);
    processed = std::fopen(nameProcessed,"w+b");
    std::printf("### Writing of %s ###\n",nameProcessed);

    std::fwrite(&rows, 2, 1, processed);
    std::fwrite(&columns, 2, 1, processed);
    std::fwrite(&pixelSpacingX, 8, 1, processed);
    std::fwrite(&pixelSpacingY, 8, 1, processed);
    std::fwrite(&sliceThickness, 8, 1, processed);
    std::fwrite(&sliceLocation, 8, 1, processed);
    std::fwrite(&compression, 2, 1, processed);

    std::printf("%8i   %8i\n",rows,columns);
    std::printf("%8f   %8f\n",pixelSpacingX,pixelSpacingY);
    std::printf("%8f\n", sliceThickness);
    std::printf("%8f\n", sliceLocation);
    std::printf("%8i\n", compression);

    G4int compSize = compression;
    G4int mean;
    G4double density;
    G4bool overflow = false;
    G4int cpt=1;

    if(compSize == 1) { // no compression: each pixel has a density value)
        for( G4int ww = 0; ww < rows; ww++) {
            for( G4int xx = 0; xx < columns; xx++) {
                mean = tab[ww][xx];
                density = Pixel2density(mean);
                std::fwrite(&density, sizeof(G4double), 1, processed);
            }
        }

    } else {
        // density value is the average of a square region of
        // compression*compression pixels
        for(G4int ww = 0; ww < rows ;ww += compSize ) {
            for(G4int xx = 0; xx < columns ;xx +=compSize ) {
                overflow = false;
                mean = 0;
                for(int sumx = 0; sumx < compSize; sumx++) {
                    for(int sumy = 0; sumy < compSize; sumy++) {
                        if(ww+sumy >= rows || xx+sumx >= columns) overflow = true;
                        mean += tab[ww+sumy][xx+sumx];
                    }
                    if(overflow) break;
                }
                mean /= compSize*compSize;
                cpt = 1;

                if(!overflow) {
                    G4double density = Pixel2density(mean);
                    std::fwrite(&density, sizeof(G4double), 1, processed);
                }
            }

        }
    }
    std::fclose(processed);

    delete [] nameProcessed;

    /*    for ( G4int i = 0; i < rows; i ++ ) {
      delete [] tab[i];
    }
    delete [] tab;
    */

    return returnvalue;
}

/*
  G4int DicomHandler::displayImage(char command[300])
  {
  //   Display DICOM images using ImageMagick
  char commandName[500];
  std::sprintf(commandName,"display  %s",command);
  std::printf(commandName);
  G4int i = system(commandName);
  return (G4int )i;
  }
*/

G4double DicomHandler::Pixel2density(G4int pixel)
{
    G4double density = -1.;
    G4int nbrequali = 0;
    G4double deltaCT = 0;
    G4double deltaDensity = 0;

    // CT2Density.dat contains the calibration curve to convert CT (Hounsfield)
    // number to physical density
    std::ifstream calibration("CT2Density.dat");
    calibration >> nbrequali;

    G4double * valuedensity = new G4double[nbrequali];
    G4double * valueCT = new G4double[nbrequali];

    if(!calibration) {
        G4cerr << "@@@ No value to transform pixels in density!" << G4endl;
        exit(1);

    } else { // calibration was successfully opened
        for(G4int i = 0; i < nbrequali; i++) { // Loop to store all the pts in CT2Density.dat
            calibration >> valueCT[i] >> valuedensity[i];
        }
    }
    calibration.close();

    for(G4int j = 1; j < nbrequali; j++) {
        if( pixel >= valueCT[j-1] && pixel < valueCT[j]) {

            deltaCT = valueCT[j] - valueCT[j-1];
            deltaDensity = valuedensity[j] - valuedensity[j-1];

            // interpolating linearly
            density = valuedensity[j] - ((valueCT[j] - pixel)*deltaDensity/deltaCT );
            break;
        }
    }

    if(density < 0.) {
        std::printf("@@@ Error density = %f && Pixel = %i (0x%x) && deltaDensity/deltaCT = %f\n",density,pixel,pixel, deltaDensity/deltaCT);
    }
    
    delete [] valuedensity;
    delete [] valueCT;

    return density;
}


void DicomHandler::CheckFileFormat()
{
    std::ifstream checkData("Data.dat");
    char * oneLine = new char[128];

    if(!(checkData.is_open())) { //Check existance of Data.dat

        G4cout << "\nDicomG4 needs Data.dat :\n\tFirst line: number of image pixel for a "
               << "voxel (G4Box)\n\tSecond line: number of images (CT slices) to "
               << "read\n\tEach following line contains the name of a Dicom image except "
               << "for the .dcm extension\n";
        exit(0);
    }

    checkData >> compression;
    checkData >> nFiles;
    G4String oneName;
    checkData.getline(oneLine,100);
    std::ifstream testExistence;
    G4bool existAlready = true;
    for(G4int rep = 0; rep < nFiles; rep++) { 
      checkData.getline(oneLine,100);
      oneName = oneLine;
      oneName += ".g4dcm"; // create dicomFile.g4dcm
      G4cout << nFiles << " test file " << oneName << G4endl;
      testExistence.open(oneName.data());
      if(!(testExistence.is_open())) {
        existAlready = false;
        testExistence.clear();
        testExistence.close();
      }
      testExistence.clear();
      testExistence.close();
    }

    ReadMaterialIndices( checkData );

    checkData.close();
    delete [] oneLine;

    if( existAlready == false ) { // The files *.g4dcm have to be created

        G4cout << "\nAll the necessary images were not found in processed form, starting "
               << "with .dcm images\n";

        FILE * dicom;
        FILE * lecturePref;
        char * compressionc = new char[LINEBUFFSIZE];
        char * maxc = new char[LINEBUFFSIZE];
        //char name[300], inputFile[300];
        char * name = new char[FILENAMESIZE];
        char * inputFile = new char[FILENAMESIZE];

        lecturePref = std::fopen("Data.dat","r");
        std::fscanf(lecturePref,"%s",compressionc);
        compression = atoi(compressionc);
        std::fscanf(lecturePref,"%s",maxc);
        nFiles = atoi(maxc);
        G4cout << " nFiles " << nFiles << G4endl;

        for( G4int i = 1; i <= nFiles; i++ ) { // Begin loop on filenames

            std::fscanf(lecturePref,"%s",inputFile);
            std::sprintf(name,"%s.dcm",inputFile);
            std::cout << "check 1: " << name << std::endl;
            //  Open input file and give it to gestion_dicom :
            std::printf("### Opening %s and reading :\n",name);
            dicom = std::fopen(name,"rb");
            // Reading the .dcm in two steps:
            //      1.  reading the header
            //  2. reading the pixel data and store the density in Moyenne.dat
            if( dicom != 0 ) {
                ReadFile(dicom,inputFile);
            } else {
                G4cout << "\nError opening file : " << name << G4endl;
            }
            std::fclose(dicom);
        }
        std::fclose(lecturePref);

        delete [] compressionc;
        delete [] maxc;
        delete [] name;
        delete [] inputFile;

    } 

}


template <class Type>
void DicomHandler::GetValue(char * _val, Type & _rval) {

#if BYTE_ORDER == BIG_ENDIAN
    if(littleEndian) {      // little endian
#else // BYTE_ORDER == LITTLE_ENDIAN
    if(!littleEndian) {     // big endian
#endif
        const int SIZE = sizeof(_rval);
        char ctemp;
        for(int i = 0; i < SIZE/2; i++) {
            ctemp = _val[i];
            _val[i] = _val[SIZE - 1 - i];
            _val[SIZE - 1 - i] = ctemp;
        }
    }
    _rval = *(Type *)_val;
}