source: trunk/source/processes/electromagnetic/lowenergy/src/G4PenelopeIonisation.cc

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// $Id: G4PenelopeIonisation.cc,v 1.22 2009/06/11 15:47:08 mantero Exp $
// GEANT4 tag $Name: geant4-09-04-ref-00 $
// 
// --------------------------------------------------------------
//
// File name:     G4PenelopeIonisation
//
// Author:        Luciano Pandola
// 
// Creation date: March 2003
//
// Modifications:
// 
// 25.03.03 L.Pandola           First implementation 
// 03.06.03 L.Pandola           Added continuous part
// 30.06.03 L.Pandola           Added positrons  
// 01.07.03 L.Pandola           Changed cross section files for e- and e+    
//                              Interface with PenelopeCrossSectionHandler
// 18.01.04 M.Mendenhall (Vanderbilt University) [bug report 568]
//                              Changed returns in CalculateDiscreteForElectrons() 
//                              to eliminate leaks
// 20.01.04 L.Pandola           Changed returns in CalculateDiscreteForPositrons()
//                              to eliminate the same bug 
// 10.03.04 L.Pandola           Bug fixed with reference system of delta rays
// 17.03.04 L.Pandola           Removed unnecessary calls to std::pow(a,b)
// 18.03.04 L.Pandola           Bug fixed in the destructor
// 01.06.04 L.Pandola           StopButAlive for positrons on PostStepDoIt
// 10.03.05 L.Pandola           Fix of bug report 729. The solution works but it is 
//                              quite un-elegant. Something better to be found.
// --------------------------------------------------------------

#include "G4PenelopeIonisation.hh"
#include "G4PenelopeCrossSectionHandler.hh"
#include "G4AtomicTransitionManager.hh"
#include "G4AtomicShell.hh"
#include "G4eIonisationSpectrum.hh"
#include "G4VDataSetAlgorithm.hh"
#include "G4SemiLogInterpolation.hh"
#include "G4LogLogInterpolation.hh"
#include "G4EMDataSet.hh"
#include "G4VEMDataSet.hh"
#include "G4CompositeEMDataSet.hh"
#include "G4EnergyLossTables.hh"
#include "G4UnitsTable.hh"
#include "G4Electron.hh"
#include "G4Gamma.hh"
#include "G4Positron.hh"
#include "G4ProductionCutsTable.hh"
#include "G4ProcessManager.hh"

G4PenelopeIonisation::G4PenelopeIonisation(const G4String& nam)
  : G4eLowEnergyLoss(nam), 
    crossSectionHandler(0),
    theMeanFreePath(0),
    kineticEnergy1(0.0),
    cosThetaPrimary(1.0),
    energySecondary(0.0),
    cosThetaSecondary(0.0),
    iOsc(-1)
{
  cutForPhotons = 250.0*eV;
  cutForElectrons = 250.0*eV;
  verboseLevel = 0;
  ionizationEnergy = new std::map<G4int,G4DataVector*>;
  resonanceEnergy  = new std::map<G4int,G4DataVector*>;
  occupationNumber = new std::map<G4int,G4DataVector*>;
  shellFlag = new std::map<G4int,G4DataVector*>;
  ReadData(); //Read data from file
 
   G4cout << G4endl;
   G4cout << "*******************************************************************************" << G4endl;
   G4cout << "*******************************************************************************" << G4endl;
   G4cout << "   The class G4PenelopeIonisation is NOT SUPPORTED ANYMORE. " << G4endl;
   G4cout << "   It will be REMOVED with the next major release of Geant4. " << G4endl;
   G4cout << "   Please consult: https://twiki.cern.ch/twiki/bin/view/Geant4/LoweProcesses" << G4endl;
   G4cout << "*******************************************************************************" << G4endl;
   G4cout << "*******************************************************************************" << G4endl;
   G4cout << G4endl;

}


G4PenelopeIonisation::~G4PenelopeIonisation()
{
  delete crossSectionHandler;
  delete theMeanFreePath;
  for (G4int Z=1;Z<100;Z++)
    {
      if (ionizationEnergy->count(Z)) delete (ionizationEnergy->find(Z)->second);
      if (resonanceEnergy->count(Z)) delete (resonanceEnergy->find(Z)->second);
      if (occupationNumber->count(Z)) delete (occupationNumber->find(Z)->second);
      if (shellFlag->count(Z)) delete (shellFlag->find(Z)->second);
    }
  delete ionizationEnergy;
  delete resonanceEnergy;
  delete occupationNumber;
  delete shellFlag;
}


void G4PenelopeIonisation::BuildPhysicsTable(const G4ParticleDefinition& aParticleType) 
{
  if(verboseLevel > 0) {
    G4cout << "G4PenelopeIonisation::BuildPhysicsTable start" << G4endl;
      }

  cutForDelta.clear();

  // Create and fill G4CrossSectionHandler once
  if ( crossSectionHandler != 0 ) delete crossSectionHandler;
  G4VDataSetAlgorithm* interpolation = new G4LogLogInterpolation();
  G4double lowKineticEnergy  = GetLowerBoundEloss();
  G4double highKineticEnergy = GetUpperBoundEloss();
  G4int    totBin = GetNbinEloss();
  crossSectionHandler = new G4PenelopeCrossSectionHandler(this,aParticleType,
                                                          interpolation,
                                                          lowKineticEnergy,
                                                          highKineticEnergy,
                                                          totBin);

  if (&aParticleType == G4Electron::Electron()) 
    {
      crossSectionHandler->LoadData("penelope/ion-cs-el-");
    }
  else if (&aParticleType == G4Positron::Positron())
    {
      crossSectionHandler->LoadData("penelope/ion-cs-po-");
    }

  if (verboseLevel > 0) {
    G4cout << GetProcessName() << " is created." << G4endl;
  }

  // Build loss table for Ionisation

  BuildLossTable(aParticleType);

  if(verboseLevel > 0) {
    G4cout << "The loss table is built"
           << G4endl;
      }

  if (&aParticleType==G4Electron::Electron()) {

    RecorderOfElectronProcess[CounterOfElectronProcess] = (*this).theLossTable;
    CounterOfElectronProcess++;
    PrintInfoDefinition();  

  } else {

    RecorderOfPositronProcess[CounterOfPositronProcess] = (*this).theLossTable;
    CounterOfPositronProcess++;
    PrintInfoDefinition();
  }

  // Build mean free path data using cut values

  if( theMeanFreePath ) delete theMeanFreePath;
  theMeanFreePath = crossSectionHandler->
                    BuildMeanFreePathForMaterials(&cutForDelta);

  if(verboseLevel > 0) {
    G4cout << "The MeanFreePath table is built"
           << G4endl;
    if(verboseLevel > 1) theMeanFreePath->PrintData();
  }

  // Build common DEDX table for all ionisation processes
 
  BuildDEDXTable(aParticleType);

  if (verboseLevel > 0) {
    G4cout << "G4PenelopeIonisation::BuildPhysicsTable end"
           << G4endl;
  }
}


void G4PenelopeIonisation::BuildLossTable(
                                          const G4ParticleDefinition& aParticleType)
{
  // Build table for energy loss due to soft brems
  // the tables are built for *MATERIALS* binning is taken from LowEnergyLoss

  G4double lowKineticEnergy  = GetLowerBoundEloss();
  G4double highKineticEnergy = GetUpperBoundEloss();
  size_t   totBin = GetNbinEloss();
 
  //  create table

  if (theLossTable) { 
      theLossTable->clearAndDestroy();
      delete theLossTable;
  }
  const G4ProductionCutsTable* theCoupleTable=
        G4ProductionCutsTable::GetProductionCutsTable();
  size_t numOfCouples = theCoupleTable->GetTableSize();
  theLossTable = new G4PhysicsTable(numOfCouples);

  // Clean up the vector of cuts

  cutForDelta.clear();

  // Loop for materials

  for (size_t m=0; m<numOfCouples; m++) {

    // create physics vector and fill it
    G4PhysicsLogVector* aVector = new G4PhysicsLogVector(lowKineticEnergy,
                                                         highKineticEnergy,
                                                         totBin);

    // get material parameters needed for the energy loss calculation
    const G4MaterialCutsCouple* couple = theCoupleTable->GetMaterialCutsCouple(m);
    const G4Material* material= couple->GetMaterial();

    // the cut cannot be below lowest limit
    G4double tCut = 0.0;
    tCut = (*(theCoupleTable->GetEnergyCutsVector(1)))[m];
    tCut = std::min(tCut,highKineticEnergy);

    cutForDelta.push_back(tCut);

    const G4ElementVector* theElementVector = material->GetElementVector();
    size_t NumberOfElements = material->GetNumberOfElements() ;
    const G4double* theAtomicNumDensityVector =
                    material->GetAtomicNumDensityVector();
    const G4double electronVolumeDensity = 
      material->GetTotNbOfElectPerVolume();  //electron density
    if(verboseLevel > 0) {
      G4cout << "Energy loss for material # " << m
             << " tCut(keV)= " << tCut/keV
             << G4endl;
      }

    // now comes the loop for the kinetic energy values
    for (size_t i = 0; i<totBin; i++) {

      G4double lowEdgeEnergy = aVector->GetLowEdgeEnergy(i);
      G4double ionloss = 0.;

      // loop for elements in the material
      for (size_t iel=0; iel<NumberOfElements; iel++ ) {

        G4int Z = (G4int)((*theElementVector)[iel]->GetZ());
        ionloss   += 
          CalculateContinuous(lowEdgeEnergy,tCut,Z,electronVolumeDensity,
                              aParticleType) * theAtomicNumDensityVector[iel];

        if(verboseLevel > 1) {
          G4cout << "Z= " << Z
                 << " E(keV)= " << lowEdgeEnergy/keV
                 << " loss= " << ionloss
                 << " rho= " << theAtomicNumDensityVector[iel]
                 << G4endl;
        }
      }
      aVector->PutValue(i,ionloss);
    }
    theLossTable->insert(aVector);
  }
}


G4VParticleChange* G4PenelopeIonisation::PostStepDoIt(const G4Track& track,
                                                       const G4Step&  step)
{
  aParticleChange.Initialize(track);

  const G4MaterialCutsCouple* couple = track.GetMaterialCutsCouple();
  const G4DynamicParticle* incidentElectron = track.GetDynamicParticle();
  const G4Material* material = couple->GetMaterial();
  const G4double electronVolumeDensity = 
    material->GetTotNbOfElectPerVolume();  //electron density
  const G4ParticleDefinition* aParticleType = track.GetDefinition();
  G4double kineticEnergy0 = incidentElectron->GetKineticEnergy();
  G4ParticleMomentum electronDirection0 = incidentElectron->GetMomentumDirection();

  //Inizialisation of variables
  kineticEnergy1=kineticEnergy0;
  cosThetaPrimary=1.0;
  energySecondary=0.0;
  cosThetaSecondary=1.0;

  G4int Z = crossSectionHandler->SelectRandomAtom(couple, kineticEnergy0);
  G4int    index  = couple->GetIndex();
  G4double tCut   = cutForDelta[index];

  if (aParticleType==G4Electron::Electron()){
    CalculateDiscreteForElectrons(kineticEnergy0,tCut,Z,electronVolumeDensity);
  }
  else if (aParticleType==G4Positron::Positron()){
    CalculateDiscreteForPositrons(kineticEnergy0,tCut,Z,electronVolumeDensity);
  }
  // the method CalculateDiscrete() sets the private variables:
  // kineticEnergy1 = energy of the primary electron after the interaction
  // cosThetaPrimary = std::cos(theta) of the primary after the interaction
  // energySecondary = energy of the secondary electron
  // cosThetaSecondary = std::cos(theta) of the secondary
 
  if(energySecondary == 0.0)
    {    
      return G4VContinuousDiscreteProcess::PostStepDoIt(track, step);
    }

  //Update the primary particle
  G4double sint = std::sqrt(1. - cosThetaPrimary*cosThetaPrimary);
  G4double phi  = twopi * G4UniformRand();
  G4double dirx = sint * std::cos(phi);
  G4double diry = sint * std::sin(phi);
  G4double dirz = cosThetaPrimary;

  G4ThreeVector electronDirection1(dirx,diry,dirz);
  electronDirection1.rotateUz(electronDirection0);
  aParticleChange.ProposeMomentumDirection(electronDirection1) ;

  if (kineticEnergy1 > 0.)
    {
      aParticleChange.ProposeEnergy(kineticEnergy1) ;
    }
  else
    {    
      aParticleChange.ProposeEnergy(0.) ;
      if (aParticleType->GetProcessManager()->GetAtRestProcessVector()->size()) 
        //In this case there is at least one AtRest process
        {
          aParticleChange.ProposeTrackStatus(fStopButAlive);
        }
      else
        {
          aParticleChange.ProposeTrackStatus(fStopAndKill);
        }
    }

  //Generate the delta day
  G4int iosc2 = 0;
  G4double ioniEnergy = 0.0;
  if (iOsc > 0) {
    ioniEnergy=(*(ionizationEnergy->find(Z)->second))[iOsc];
    iosc2 = (ionizationEnergy->find(Z)->second->size()) - iOsc; //they are in reversed order
  }

  const G4AtomicTransitionManager* transitionManager = G4AtomicTransitionManager::Instance();
  G4double bindingEnergy = 0.0;
  G4int shellId = 0;
  if (iOsc > 0){
    const G4AtomicShell* shell = transitionManager->Shell(Z,iosc2-1); // Modified by Alf
    bindingEnergy = shell->BindingEnergy();
    shellId = shell->ShellId();
  }

  G4double ionEnergy = bindingEnergy; //energy spent to ionise the atom according to G4dabatase
  G4double eKineticEnergy = energySecondary;

  //This is an awful thing: Penelope generates the fluorescence only for L and K shells 
  //(i.e. Osc = 1 --> 4). For high-Z, the other shells can be quite relevant. In this case 
  //one MUST ensure ''by hand'' the energy conservation. Then there is the other problem that 
  //the fluorescence database of Penelope doesn not match that of Geant4.

  G4double energyBalance = kineticEnergy0 - kineticEnergy1 - energySecondary; //Penelope Balance

  if (std::abs(energyBalance) < 1*eV)
    {
      //in this case Penelope didn't subtract the fluorescence energy: do here by hand
      eKineticEnergy = energySecondary - bindingEnergy;
    }
  else 
    {
      //Penelope subtracted the fluorescence, but one has to match the databases
      eKineticEnergy = energySecondary+ioniEnergy-bindingEnergy;
    }
  
  //Now generates the various secondaries
  size_t nTotPhotons=0;
  G4int nPhotons=0;

  const G4ProductionCutsTable* theCoupleTable=
    G4ProductionCutsTable::GetProductionCutsTable();
  size_t indx = couple->GetIndex();
  G4double cutg = (*(theCoupleTable->GetEnergyCutsVector(0)))[indx];
  cutg = std::min(cutForPhotons,cutg);

  G4double cute = (*(theCoupleTable->GetEnergyCutsVector(1)))[indx];
  cute = std::min(cutForPhotons,cute);
  
  std::vector<G4DynamicParticle*>* photonVector=0;
  G4DynamicParticle* aPhoton;
  if (Z>5 && (ionEnergy > cutg || ionEnergy > cute))
    {
      photonVector = deexcitationManager.GenerateParticles(Z,shellId);
      nTotPhotons = photonVector->size();
      for (size_t k=0;k<nTotPhotons;k++){
        aPhoton = (*photonVector)[k];
        if (aPhoton)
          {
            G4double itsCut = cutg;
            if (aPhoton->GetDefinition() == G4Electron::Electron()) itsCut = cute;
            G4double itsEnergy = aPhoton->GetKineticEnergy();
            if (itsEnergy > itsCut && itsEnergy <= ionEnergy)
              {
                nPhotons++;
                ionEnergy -= itsEnergy;
              }
            else
              {
                delete aPhoton;
                (*photonVector)[k]=0;
              }
          }
      }
    }
  G4double energyDeposit=ionEnergy; //il deposito locale e' quello che rimane
  G4int nbOfSecondaries=nPhotons;


  // Generate the delta ray 
  G4double sin2 = std::sqrt(1. - cosThetaSecondary*cosThetaSecondary);
  G4double phi2  = twopi * G4UniformRand();
  G4DynamicParticle* electron = 0;
  
  G4double xEl = sin2 * std::cos(phi2); 
  G4double yEl = sin2 * std::sin(phi2);
  G4double zEl = cosThetaSecondary;
  G4ThreeVector eDirection(xEl,yEl,zEl); //electron direction
  eDirection.rotateUz(electronDirection0);

  electron = new G4DynamicParticle (G4Electron::Electron(),
                                    eDirection,eKineticEnergy) ;
  nbOfSecondaries++;

  aParticleChange.SetNumberOfSecondaries(nbOfSecondaries);
  if (electron) aParticleChange.AddSecondary(electron);

  G4double energySumTest = kineticEnergy1 +  eKineticEnergy;

  for (size_t ll=0;ll<nTotPhotons;ll++)
    {
      aPhoton = (*photonVector)[ll];
      if (aPhoton) {
        aParticleChange.AddSecondary(aPhoton);
        energySumTest += aPhoton->GetKineticEnergy();
      }
    }
  delete photonVector;
  if (energyDeposit < 0)
    {
      G4cout << "WARNING-" 
             << "G4PenelopeIonisaition::PostStepDoIt - Negative energy deposit"
             << G4endl;
      energyDeposit=0;
    }
  energySumTest += energyDeposit; 
  if (std::abs(energySumTest-kineticEnergy0)>1*eV) 
    {
      G4cout << "WARNING-" 
             << "G4PenelopeIonisaition::PostStepDoIt - Energy non conservation"
             << G4endl;
      G4cout << "Final energy - initial energy = " <<
        (energySumTest-kineticEnergy0)/eV << " eV" << G4endl;
    }
  aParticleChange.ProposeLocalEnergyDeposit(energyDeposit);
  return G4VContinuousDiscreteProcess::PostStepDoIt(track, step);
}


void G4PenelopeIonisation::PrintInfoDefinition()
{
  G4String comments = "Total cross sections from EEDL database.";
  comments += "\n      Delta energy sampled from a parametrised formula.";
  comments += "\n      Implementation of the continuous dE/dx part.";
  comments += "\n      At present it can be used for electrons and positrons ";
  comments += "in the energy range [250eV,100GeV].";
  comments += "\n      The process must work with G4PenelopeBremsstrahlung.";

  G4cout << G4endl << GetProcessName() << ":  " << comments << G4endl;
}

G4bool G4PenelopeIonisation::IsApplicable(const G4ParticleDefinition& particle)
{
  return (  (&particle == G4Electron::Electron()) || (
                                                      &particle == G4Positron::Positron()) );
}

G4double G4PenelopeIonisation::GetMeanFreePath(const G4Track& track,
                                               G4double, // previousStepSize
                                               G4ForceCondition* cond)
{
   *cond = NotForced;
   G4int index = (track.GetMaterialCutsCouple())->GetIndex();
   const G4VEMDataSet* data = theMeanFreePath->GetComponent(index);
   G4double meanFreePath = data->FindValue(track.GetKineticEnergy());
   return meanFreePath;
}

void G4PenelopeIonisation::SetCutForLowEnSecPhotons(G4double cut)
{
  cutForPhotons = cut;
  deexcitationManager.SetCutForSecondaryPhotons(cut);
}

void G4PenelopeIonisation::SetCutForLowEnSecElectrons(G4double cut)
{
  cutForElectrons = cut;
  deexcitationManager.SetCutForAugerElectrons(cut);
}

void G4PenelopeIonisation::ActivateAuger(G4bool val)
{
  deexcitationManager.ActivateAugerElectronProduction(val);
}


void G4PenelopeIonisation::CalculateDiscreteForElectrons(G4double ene,G4double cutoff,
                                             G4int Z,G4double electronVolumeDensity)
{
  kineticEnergy1=ene;
  cosThetaPrimary=1.0;
  energySecondary=0.0;
  cosThetaSecondary=1.0;
  iOsc=-1;
  //constants
  G4double rb=ene+2.0*electron_mass_c2;
  G4double gamma = 1.0+ene/electron_mass_c2;
  G4double gamma2 = gamma*gamma;
  G4double beta2 = (gamma2-1.0)/gamma2;
  G4double amol = (gamma-1.0)*(gamma-1.0)/gamma2;
  G4double cps = ene*rb;
  G4double cp = std::sqrt(cps);
  
  G4double delta = CalculateDeltaFermi(ene,Z,electronVolumeDensity);
  G4double distantTransvCS0 = std::max(std::log(gamma2)-beta2-delta,0.0);

  G4double rl,rl1;

  if (cutoff > ene) return; //delta rays are not generated

  G4DataVector* qm = new G4DataVector();
  G4DataVector* cumulHardCS = new G4DataVector();
  G4DataVector* typeOfInteraction = new G4DataVector();
  G4DataVector* nbOfLevel = new G4DataVector();
 
  //Hard close collisions with outer shells
  G4double wmaxc = 0.5*ene;
  G4double closeCS0 = 0.0;
  G4double closeCS = 0.0;
  if (cutoff>0.1*eV) 
    {
      rl=cutoff/ene;
      rl1=1.0-rl;
      if (rl < 0.5)
        closeCS0 = (amol*(0.5-rl)+(1.0/rl)-(1.0/rl1)+(1.0-amol)*std::log(rl/rl1))/ene;
    }

  // Cross sections for the different oscillators

  // totalHardCS contains the cumulative hard interaction cross section for the different
  // excitable levels and the different interaction channels (close, distant, etc.),
  // i.e.
  // cumulHardCS[0] = 0.0
  // cumulHardCS[1] = 1st excitable level (distant longitudinal only)
  // cumulHardCS[2] = 1st excitable level (distant longitudinal + transverse)
  // cumulHardCS[3] = 1st excitable level (distant longitudinal + transverse + close)
  // cumulHardCS[4] = 1st excitable level (all channels) + 2nd excitable level (distant long only)
  // etc.
  // This is used for sampling the atomic level which is ionised and the channel of the
  // interaction.
  //
  // For each index iFill of the cumulHardCS vector,
  // nbOfLevel[iFill] contains the current excitable atomic level and
  // typeOfInteraction[iFill] contains the current interaction channel, with the legenda:
  //   1 = distant longitudinal interaction
  //   2 = distant transverse interaction
  //   3 = close collision
  //   4 = close collision with outer shells (in this case nbOfLevel < 0 --> no binding energy)


  G4int nOscil = ionizationEnergy->find(Z)->second->size();
  G4double totalHardCS = 0.0;
  G4double involvedElectrons = 0.0;
  for (G4int i=0;i<nOscil;i++){
    G4double wi = (*(resonanceEnergy->find(Z)->second))[i];
    G4int occupNb = (G4int) (*(occupationNumber->find(Z)->second))[i];
    //Distant excitations
    if (wi>cutoff && wi<ene)
      {
        if (wi>(1e-6*ene)){
          G4double cpp=std::sqrt((ene-wi)*(ene-wi+2.0*electron_mass_c2));
          qm->push_back(std::sqrt((cp-cpp)*(cp-cpp)+electron_mass_c2*electron_mass_c2)-electron_mass_c2);
        }
        else
          {
            qm->push_back((wi*wi)/(beta2*2.0*electron_mass_c2));
          }
        //verificare che quando arriva qui il vettore ha SEMPRE l'i-esimo elemento
        if ((*qm)[i] < wi)
          {
            
            G4double distantLongitCS =  occupNb*std::log(wi*((*qm)[i]+2.0*electron_mass_c2)/
                                         ((*qm)[i]*(wi+2.0*electron_mass_c2)))/wi;
            cumulHardCS->push_back(totalHardCS);
            typeOfInteraction->push_back(1.0); //distant longitudinal
            nbOfLevel->push_back((G4double) i); //only excitable level are counted 
            totalHardCS += distantLongitCS;
            
            G4double distantTransvCS = occupNb*distantTransvCS0/wi;
            
            cumulHardCS->push_back(totalHardCS);
            typeOfInteraction->push_back(2.0); //distant tranverse
            nbOfLevel->push_back((G4double) i);
            totalHardCS += distantTransvCS;
          }
      }
    else 
      {
        qm->push_back(wi);
      }
    //close collisions
    if(wi < wmaxc){
      if (wi < cutoff) {
        involvedElectrons += occupNb;
      }
      else
        {
          rl=wi/ene;
          rl1=1.0-rl;
          closeCS = occupNb*(amol*(0.5-rl)+(1.0/rl)-(1.0/rl1)+(1.0-amol)*std::log(rl/rl1))/ene;
          cumulHardCS->push_back(totalHardCS);
          typeOfInteraction->push_back(3.0); //close
          nbOfLevel->push_back((G4double) i);
          totalHardCS += closeCS;
        }
    }
  } // loop on the levels
  
  cumulHardCS->push_back(totalHardCS);
  typeOfInteraction->push_back(4.0); //close interaction with outer shells
  nbOfLevel->push_back(-1.0);
  totalHardCS += involvedElectrons*closeCS0;
  cumulHardCS->push_back(totalHardCS); //this is the final value of the totalHardCS

  if (totalHardCS < 1e-30) {
    kineticEnergy1=ene;
    cosThetaPrimary=1.0;
    energySecondary=0.0;
    cosThetaSecondary=0.0;
    iOsc=-1;
    delete qm;
    delete cumulHardCS;
    delete typeOfInteraction;
    delete nbOfLevel;
    return;
  }


  //Selection of the active oscillator on the basis of the cumulative cross sections
  G4double TST = totalHardCS*G4UniformRand();
  G4int is=0;
  G4int js= nbOfLevel->size();
  do{
    G4int it=(is+js)/2;
    if (TST > (*cumulHardCS)[it]) is=it;
    if (TST <= (*cumulHardCS)[it]) js=it;
  }while((js-is) > 1);

  G4double UII=0.0;
  G4double rkc=cutoff/ene;
  G4double dde;
  G4int kks;

  G4double sampledInteraction = (*typeOfInteraction)[is];
  iOsc = (G4int) (*nbOfLevel)[is];

  //Generates the final state according to the sampled level and 
  //interaction channel
  
  if (sampledInteraction == 1.0)  //Hard distant longitudinal collisions
    {
      dde= (*(resonanceEnergy->find(Z)->second))[iOsc];
      kineticEnergy1=ene-dde;
      G4double qs=(*qm)[iOsc]/(1.0+((*qm)[iOsc]/(2.0*electron_mass_c2)));
      G4double q=qs/(std::pow((qs/dde)*(1.0+(0.5*dde/electron_mass_c2)),G4UniformRand())-(0.5*qs/electron_mass_c2));
      G4double qtrev = q*(q+2.0*electron_mass_c2);
      G4double cpps = kineticEnergy1*(kineticEnergy1+2.0*electron_mass_c2);
      cosThetaPrimary = (cpps+cps-qtrev)/(2.0*cp*std::sqrt(cpps));
      if (cosThetaPrimary>1.0) cosThetaPrimary=1.0;
      //Energy and emission angle of the delta ray
      kks = (G4int) (*(shellFlag->find(Z)->second))[iOsc];
      if (kks>4) 
        {
          energySecondary=dde;
        }
      else
        {
          energySecondary=dde-(*(ionizationEnergy->find(Z)->second))[iOsc];
        }
      cosThetaSecondary = 0.5*(dde*(ene+rb-dde)+qtrev)/std::sqrt(cps*qtrev);
      if (cosThetaSecondary>1.0) cosThetaSecondary=1.0;
    }

  else if (sampledInteraction == 2.0)  //Hard distant transverse collisions
    {
      dde=(*(resonanceEnergy->find(Z)->second))[iOsc];
      kineticEnergy1=ene-dde;
      cosThetaPrimary=1.0;
      //Energy and emission angle of the delta ray
      kks = (G4int) (*(shellFlag->find(Z)->second))[iOsc];
      if (kks>4)
        {
          energySecondary=dde;
        }
      else
        {
          energySecondary=dde-(*(ionizationEnergy->find(Z)->second))[iOsc];
        }
      cosThetaSecondary = 1.0;
    }

  else if (sampledInteraction == 3.0 || sampledInteraction == 4.0) //Close interaction
    {
      if (sampledInteraction == 4.0) //interaction with inner shells
        {
          UII=0.0;
          rkc = cutoff/ene;
          iOsc = -1;
        }
      else
        {
          kks = (G4int) (*(shellFlag->find(Z)->second))[iOsc];
          if (kks > 4) {
            UII=0.0;
          }
          else
            {
              UII = (*(ionizationEnergy->find(Z)->second))[iOsc];
            }
          rkc = (*(resonanceEnergy->find(Z)->second))[iOsc]/ene;
        }
    G4double A = 0.5*amol;
    G4double arkc = A*0.5*rkc;
    G4double phi,rk2,rk,rkf;
    do{
      G4double fb = (1.0+arkc)*G4UniformRand();
      if (fb<1.0)
        {
          rk=rkc/(1.0-fb*(1.0-(rkc*2.0)));
        }
      else{
        rk = rkc+(fb-1.0)*(0.5-rkc)/arkc;
      }
      rk2 = rk*rk;
      rkf = rk/(1.0-rk);
      phi = 1.0+(rkf*rkf)-rkf+amol*(rk2+rkf);
    }while ((G4UniformRand()*(1.0+A*rk2)) > phi);
    //Energy and scattering angle (primary electron);
    kineticEnergy1 = ene*(1.0-rk);
    cosThetaPrimary = std::sqrt(kineticEnergy1*rb/(ene*(rb-(rk*ene))));
    //Energy and scattering angle of the delta ray
    energySecondary = ene-kineticEnergy1-UII;
    cosThetaSecondary = std::sqrt(rk*ene*rb/(ene*(rk*ene+2.0*electron_mass_c2)));
    }

  else

    {
      G4String excep = "G4PenelopeIonisation - Error in the calculation of the final state";
      G4Exception(excep);
    }

  delete qm;
  delete cumulHardCS;
  delete typeOfInteraction;
  delete nbOfLevel;

  return;
}

void G4PenelopeIonisation::ReadData()
{
  char* path = getenv("G4LEDATA");
  if (!path)
    {
      G4String excep = "G4PenelopeIonisation - G4LEDATA environment variable not set!";
      G4Exception(excep);
    }
  G4String pathString(path);
  G4String pathFile = pathString + "/penelope/ion-pen.dat";
  std::ifstream file(pathFile);
  std::filebuf* lsdp = file.rdbuf();
  
  if (!(lsdp->is_open()))
    {
      G4String excep = "G4PenelopeIonisation - data file " + pathFile + " not found!";
      G4Exception(excep);
    }

  G4int k1,test,test1,k2,k3;
  G4double a1,a2,a3,a4;
  G4int Z=1,nLevels=0;
  G4DataVector* x1;
  G4DataVector* x2;
  G4DataVector* x3;
  G4DataVector* x4;

  do{
    x1 = new G4DataVector;
    x2 = new G4DataVector;
    x3 = new G4DataVector;
    x4 = new G4DataVector;
    file >> Z >> nLevels;
    for (G4int h=0;h<nLevels;h++){
      //index,occup number,ion energy,res energy,fj0,kz,shell flag
      file >> k1 >> a1 >> a2 >> a3 >> a4 >> k2 >> k3;
      x1->push_back(a1); 
      x2->push_back(a2);
      x3->push_back(a3);
      x4->push_back((G4double) k3);
    }
    occupationNumber->insert(std::make_pair(Z,x1));
    ionizationEnergy->insert(std::make_pair(Z,x2));
    resonanceEnergy->insert(std::make_pair(Z,x3));
    shellFlag->insert(std::make_pair(Z,x4));
    file >> test >> test1; //-1 -1 close the data for each Z
    if (test > 0) {
      G4String excep = "G4PenelopeIonisation - data file corrupted!";
      G4Exception(excep);
    }
  }while (test != -2); //the very last Z is closed with -2 instead of -1
}


G4double G4PenelopeIonisation::CalculateDeltaFermi(G4double ene,G4int Z,
                                                   G4double electronVolumeDensity)
{
  G4double plasmaEnergyCoefficient = 1.377e-39; //(e*hbar)^2/(epsilon0*electron_mass)
  G4double plasmaEnergySquared = plasmaEnergyCoefficient*(electronVolumeDensity*m3);
  // std::sqrt(plasmaEnergySquared) is the plasma energy of the solid (MeV)
  G4double gam = 1.0+ene/electron_mass_c2;
  G4double gam2=gam*gam;
  G4double delta = 0.0;

  //Density effect
  G4double TST = ((G4double) Z)/(gam2*plasmaEnergySquared); 
 
  G4double wl2 = 0.0;
  G4double fdel=0.0;
  G4double wr=0;
  G4double help1=0.0;
  size_t nbOsc = resonanceEnergy->find(Z)->second->size();
  for(size_t i=0;i<nbOsc;i++)
    {
      G4int occupNb = (G4int) (*(occupationNumber->find(Z)->second))[i];
      wr = (*(resonanceEnergy->find(Z)->second))[i];
      fdel += occupNb/(wr*wr+wl2);
    }
  if (fdel < TST) return delta;
  help1 = (*(resonanceEnergy->find(Z)->second))[nbOsc-1];
  wl2 = help1*help1;
  do{
    wl2=wl2*2.0;
    fdel = 0.0;
    for (size_t ii=0;ii<nbOsc;ii++){
      G4int occupNb = (G4int) (*(occupationNumber->find(Z)->second))[ii];
      wr = (*(resonanceEnergy->find(Z)->second))[ii];
      fdel += occupNb/(wr*wr+wl2);
    }
  }while (fdel > TST);
  G4double wl2l=0.0;
  G4double wl2u = wl2;
  G4double control = 0.0;
  do{
    wl2=0.5*(wl2l+wl2u);
    fdel = 0.0;
    for (size_t jj=0;jj<nbOsc;jj++){
      G4int occupNb = (G4int) (*(occupationNumber->find(Z)->second))[jj];
      wr = (*(resonanceEnergy->find(Z)->second))[jj];
      fdel += occupNb/(wr*wr+wl2);
    }
    if (fdel > TST)
      {
        wl2l = wl2;
      }
    else
      {
        wl2u = wl2;
      }
    control = wl2u-wl2l-wl2*1e-12; 
  }while(control>0);

  //Density correction effect
   for (size_t kk=0;kk<nbOsc;kk++){
      G4int occupNb = (G4int) (*(occupationNumber->find(Z)->second))[kk];
      wr = (*(resonanceEnergy->find(Z)->second))[kk];
      delta += occupNb*std::log(1.0+wl2/(wr*wr));
    }
   delta = (delta/((G4double) Z))-wl2/(gam2*plasmaEnergySquared); 
   return delta;
}

G4double G4PenelopeIonisation::CalculateContinuous(G4double ene,G4double cutoff,
                                                   G4int Z,G4double electronVolumeDensity,
                                                   const G4ParticleDefinition& particle)
{
  //Constants
  G4double gamma = 1.0+ene/electron_mass_c2;
  G4double gamma2 = gamma*gamma;
  G4double beta2 = (gamma2-1.0)/gamma2;
  G4double constant = pi*classic_electr_radius*classic_electr_radius
    *2.0*electron_mass_c2/beta2;
 
  
  G4double delta = CalculateDeltaFermi(ene,Z,electronVolumeDensity);
  G4int nbOsc = (G4int) resonanceEnergy->find(Z)->second->size();
  G4double S1 = 0.0;
  G4double stoppingPower = 0.0;
  for (G4int i=0;i<nbOsc;i++){
    G4double resEnergy = (*(resonanceEnergy->find(Z)->second))[i];
    if (&particle == G4Electron::Electron())
      {
        S1 = CalculateStoppingPowerForElectrons(ene,resEnergy,delta,cutoff);
      }
    else if (&particle == G4Positron::Positron())
      {
        S1 = CalculateStoppingPowerForPositrons(ene,resEnergy,delta,cutoff);
      }
    G4double occupNb = (*(occupationNumber->find(Z)->second))[i];
    stoppingPower += occupNb*constant*S1;
  }
  
  return stoppingPower;
}

G4double G4PenelopeIonisation::CalculateStoppingPowerForElectrons(G4double ene,G4double resEne,
                                             G4double delta,G4double cutoff)
{
  //Calculate constants
  G4double gamma = 1.0+ene/electron_mass_c2;
  G4double gamma2 = gamma*gamma;
  G4double beta2 = (gamma2-1.0)/gamma2;
  G4double cps = ene*(ene+2.0*electron_mass_c2);
  G4double amol = (gamma-1.0)*(gamma-1.0)/gamma2;
  G4double sPower = 0.0;
  if (ene < resEne) return sPower;

  //Distant interactions
  G4double cp1s = (ene-resEne)*(ene-resEne+2.0*electron_mass_c2);
  G4double cp1 = std::sqrt(cp1s);
  G4double cp = std::sqrt(cps);
  G4double sdLong=0.0, sdTrans = 0.0, sdDist=0.0;

  //Distant longitudinal interactions
  G4double qm = 0.0;

  if (resEne > ene*(1e-6))
    {
      qm = std::sqrt((cp-cp1)*(cp-cp1)+(electron_mass_c2*electron_mass_c2))-electron_mass_c2;
    }
  else
    {
      qm = resEne*resEne/(beta2*2.0*electron_mass_c2);
      qm = qm*(1.0-0.5*qm/electron_mass_c2);
    }

  if (qm < resEne)
    {
      sdLong = std::log(resEne*(qm+2.0*electron_mass_c2)/(qm*(resEne+2.0*electron_mass_c2)));
    }
  else
    {
      sdLong = 0.0;
    }
  
  if (sdLong > 0) {
    sdTrans = std::max(std::log(gamma2)-beta2-delta,0.0);
    sdDist = sdTrans + sdLong;
    if (cutoff > resEne) sPower = sdDist;
  }


  // Close collisions (Moeller's cross section)
  G4double wl = std::max(cutoff,resEne);
  G4double wu = 0.5*ene;
 
  if (wl < (wu-1*eV)) wu=wl;
  wl = resEne;
  if (wl > (wu-1*eV)) return sPower;
  sPower += std::log(wu/wl)+(ene/(ene-wu))-(ene/(ene-wl))
    + (2.0 - amol)*std::log((ene-wu)/(ene-wl))
    + amol*((wu*wu)-(wl*wl))/(2.0*ene*ene);

  return sPower;
}

G4double G4PenelopeIonisation::CalculateStoppingPowerForPositrons(G4double ene,G4double resEne,
                                             G4double delta,G4double cutoff)
{
  //Calculate constants
  G4double gamma = 1.0+ene/electron_mass_c2;
  G4double gamma2 = gamma*gamma;
  G4double beta2 = (gamma2-1.0)/gamma2;
  G4double cps = ene*(ene+2.0*electron_mass_c2);
  G4double amol = (ene/(ene+electron_mass_c2)) * (ene/(ene+electron_mass_c2));
  G4double help = (gamma+1.0)*(gamma+1.0);
  G4double bha1 = amol*(2.0*help-1.0)/(gamma2-1.0);
  G4double bha2 = amol*(3.0+1.0/help);
  G4double bha3 = amol*2.0*gamma*(gamma-1.0)/help;
  G4double bha4 = amol*(gamma-1.0)*(gamma-1.0)/help;

  G4double sPower = 0.0;
  if (ene < resEne) return sPower;

  //Distant interactions
  G4double cp1s = (ene-resEne)*(ene-resEne+2.0*electron_mass_c2);
  G4double cp1 = std::sqrt(cp1s);
  G4double cp = std::sqrt(cps);
  G4double sdLong=0.0, sdTrans = 0.0, sdDist=0.0;

  //Distant longitudinal interactions
  G4double qm = 0.0;

  if (resEne > ene*(1e-6))
    {
      qm = std::sqrt((cp-cp1)*(cp-cp1)+(electron_mass_c2*electron_mass_c2))-electron_mass_c2;
    }
  else
    {
      qm = resEne*resEne/(beta2*2.0*electron_mass_c2);
      qm = qm*(1.0-0.5*qm/electron_mass_c2);
    }

  if (qm < resEne)
    {
      sdLong = std::log(resEne*(qm+2.0*electron_mass_c2)/(qm*(resEne+2.0*electron_mass_c2)));
    }
  else
    {
      sdLong = 0.0;
    }
  
  if (sdLong > 0) {
    sdTrans = std::max(std::log(gamma2)-beta2-delta,0.0);
    sdDist = sdTrans + sdLong;
    if (cutoff > resEne) sPower = sdDist;
  }


  // Close collisions (Bhabha's cross section)
  G4double wl = std::max(cutoff,resEne);
  G4double wu = ene;
 
  if (wl < (wu-1*eV)) wu=wl;
  wl = resEne;
  if (wl > (wu-1*eV)) return sPower;
  sPower += std::log(wu/wl)-bha1*(wu-wl)/ene
    + bha2*((wu*wu)-(wl*wl))/(2.0*ene*ene)
    - bha3*((wu*wu*wu)-(wl*wl*wl))/(3.0*ene*ene*ene)
    + bha4*((wu*wu*wu*wu)-(wl*wl*wl*wl))/(4.0*ene*ene*ene*ene);

  return sPower;
}

void G4PenelopeIonisation::CalculateDiscreteForPositrons(G4double ene,G4double cutoff,
                                             G4int Z,G4double electronVolumeDensity)

{
  kineticEnergy1=ene;
  cosThetaPrimary=1.0;
  energySecondary=0.0;
  cosThetaSecondary=1.0;
  iOsc=-1;
  //constants
  G4double rb=ene+2.0*electron_mass_c2;
  G4double gamma = 1.0+ene/electron_mass_c2;
  G4double gamma2 = gamma*gamma;
  G4double beta2 = (gamma2-1.0)/gamma2;
  G4double amol = (gamma-1.0)*(gamma-1.0)/gamma2;
  G4double cps = ene*rb;
  G4double cp = std::sqrt(cps);
  G4double help = (gamma+1.0)*(gamma+1.0);
  G4double bha1 = amol*(2.0*help-1.0)/(gamma2-1.0);
  G4double bha2 = amol*(3.0+1.0/help);
  G4double bha3 = amol*2.0*gamma*(gamma-1.0)/help;
  G4double bha4 = amol*(gamma-1.0)*(gamma-1.0)/help;
  
  G4double delta = CalculateDeltaFermi(ene,Z,electronVolumeDensity);
  G4double distantTransvCS0 = std::max(std::log(gamma2)-beta2-delta,0.0);

  G4double rl,rl1;

  if (cutoff > ene) return; //delta rays are not generated

  G4DataVector* qm = new G4DataVector();
  G4DataVector* cumulHardCS = new G4DataVector();
  G4DataVector* typeOfInteraction = new G4DataVector();
  G4DataVector* nbOfLevel = new G4DataVector();
 

  //Hard close collisions with outer shells
  G4double wmaxc = ene;
  G4double closeCS0 = 0.0;
  G4double closeCS = 0.0;
  if (cutoff>0.1*eV) 
    {
      rl=cutoff/ene;
      rl1=1.0-rl;
      if (rl < 1.0)
        closeCS0 = (((1.0/rl)-1.0) + bha1*std::log(rl) + bha2*rl1
                    + (bha3/2.0)*((rl*rl)-1.0)
                    + (bha4/3.0)*(1.0-(rl*rl*rl)))/ene;
    }

  // Cross sections for the different oscillators

  // totalHardCS contains the cumulative hard interaction cross section for the different
  // excitable levels and the different interaction channels (close, distant, etc.),
  // i.e.
  // cumulHardCS[0] = 0.0
  // cumulHardCS[1] = 1st excitable level (distant longitudinal only)
  // cumulHardCS[2] = 1st excitable level (distant longitudinal + transverse)
  // cumulHardCS[3] = 1st excitable level (distant longitudinal + transverse + close)
  // cumulHardCS[4] = 1st excitable level (all channels) + 2nd excitable level (distant long only)
  // etc.
  // This is used for sampling the atomic level which is ionised and the channel of the
  // interaction.
  //
  // For each index iFill of the cumulHardCS vector,
  // nbOfLevel[iFill] contains the current excitable atomic level and
  // typeOfInteraction[iFill] contains the current interaction channel, with the legenda:
  //   1 = distant longitudinal interaction
  //   2 = distant transverse interaction
  //   3 = close collision
  //   4 = close collision with outer shells (in this case nbOfLevel < 0 --> no binding energy)


  G4int nOscil = ionizationEnergy->find(Z)->second->size();
  G4double totalHardCS = 0.0;
  G4double involvedElectrons = 0.0;
  for (G4int i=0;i<nOscil;i++){
    G4double wi = (*(resonanceEnergy->find(Z)->second))[i];
    G4int occupNb = (G4int) (*(occupationNumber->find(Z)->second))[i];
    //Distant excitations
    if (wi>cutoff && wi<ene)
      {
        if (wi>(1e-6*ene)){
          G4double cpp=std::sqrt((ene-wi)*(ene-wi+2.0*electron_mass_c2));
          qm->push_back(std::sqrt((cp-cpp)*(cp-cpp)+ electron_mass_c2 * electron_mass_c2)-electron_mass_c2);
        }
        else
          {
            qm->push_back(wi*wi/(beta2+2.0*electron_mass_c2));
          }
        //verificare che quando arriva qui il vettore ha SEMPRE l'i-esimo elemento
        if ((*qm)[i] < wi)
          {
            
            G4double distantLongitCS =  occupNb*std::log(wi*((*qm)[i]+2.0*electron_mass_c2)/
                                         ((*qm)[i]*(wi+2.0*electron_mass_c2)))/wi;
            cumulHardCS->push_back(totalHardCS);
            typeOfInteraction->push_back(1.0); //distant longitudinal
            nbOfLevel->push_back((G4double) i); //only excitable level are counted 
            totalHardCS += distantLongitCS;
            
            G4double distantTransvCS = occupNb*distantTransvCS0/wi;
            
            cumulHardCS->push_back(totalHardCS);
            typeOfInteraction->push_back(2.0); //distant tranverse
            nbOfLevel->push_back((G4double) i);
            totalHardCS += distantTransvCS;
          }
      }
    else 
      {
        qm->push_back(wi);
      }
    //close collisions
    if(wi < wmaxc){
      if (wi < cutoff) {
        involvedElectrons += occupNb;
      }
      else
        {
          rl=wi/ene;
          rl1=1.0-rl;
          closeCS = occupNb*(((1.0/rl)-1.0)+bha1*std::log(rl)+bha2*rl1
                             + (bha3/2.0)*((rl*rl)-1.0)
                             + (bha4/3.0)*(1.0-(rl*rl*rl)))/ene;
          cumulHardCS->push_back(totalHardCS);
          typeOfInteraction->push_back(3.0); //close
          nbOfLevel->push_back((G4double) i);
          totalHardCS += closeCS;
        }
    }
  } // loop on the levels
  
  cumulHardCS->push_back(totalHardCS);
  typeOfInteraction->push_back(4.0); //close interaction with outer shells
  nbOfLevel->push_back(-1.0);
  totalHardCS += involvedElectrons*closeCS0;
  cumulHardCS->push_back(totalHardCS); //this is the final value of the totalHardCS

  if (totalHardCS < 1e-30) {
    kineticEnergy1=ene;
    cosThetaPrimary=1.0;
    energySecondary=0.0;
    cosThetaSecondary=0.0;
    iOsc=-1;
    delete qm;
    delete cumulHardCS;
    delete typeOfInteraction;
    delete nbOfLevel;
    return;
  }


  //Selection of the active oscillator on the basis of the cumulative cross sections
  G4double TST = totalHardCS*G4UniformRand();
  G4int is=0;
  G4int js= nbOfLevel->size();
  do{
    G4int it=(is+js)/2;
    if (TST > (*cumulHardCS)[it]) is=it;
    if (TST <= (*cumulHardCS)[it]) js=it;
  }while((js-is) > 1);

  G4double UII=0.0;
  G4double rkc=cutoff/ene;
  G4double dde;
  G4int kks;

  G4double sampledInteraction = (*typeOfInteraction)[is];
  iOsc = (G4int) (*nbOfLevel)[is];

  //Generates the final state according to the sampled level and 
  //interaction channel
  
  if (sampledInteraction == 1.0)  //Hard distant longitudinal collisions
    {
      dde= (*(resonanceEnergy->find(Z)->second))[iOsc];
      kineticEnergy1=ene-dde;
      G4double qs=(*qm)[iOsc]/(1.0+((*qm)[iOsc]/(2.0*electron_mass_c2)));
      G4double q=qs/(std::pow((qs/dde)*(1.0+(0.5*dde/electron_mass_c2)),G4UniformRand())-(0.5*qs/electron_mass_c2));
      G4double qtrev = q*(q+2.0*electron_mass_c2);
      G4double cpps = kineticEnergy1*(kineticEnergy1+2.0*electron_mass_c2);
      cosThetaPrimary = (cpps+cps-qtrev)/(2.0*cp*std::sqrt(cpps));
      if (cosThetaPrimary>1.0) cosThetaPrimary=1.0;
      //Energy and emission angle of the delta ray
      kks = (G4int) (*(shellFlag->find(Z)->second))[iOsc];
      if (kks>4) 
        {
          energySecondary=dde;
        }
      else
        {
          energySecondary=dde-(*(ionizationEnergy->find(Z)->second))[iOsc];
        }
      cosThetaSecondary = 0.5*(dde*(ene+rb-dde)+qtrev)/std::sqrt(cps*qtrev);
      if (cosThetaSecondary>1.0) cosThetaSecondary=1.0;
    }

  else if (sampledInteraction == 2.0)  //Hard distant transverse collisions
    {
      dde=(*(resonanceEnergy->find(Z)->second))[iOsc];
      kineticEnergy1=ene-dde;
      cosThetaPrimary=1.0;
      //Energy and emission angle of the delta ray
      kks = (G4int) (*(shellFlag->find(Z)->second))[iOsc];
      if (kks>4)
        {
          energySecondary=dde;
        }
      else
        {
          energySecondary=dde-(*(ionizationEnergy->find(Z)->second))[iOsc];
        }
      cosThetaSecondary = 1.0;
    }

  else if (sampledInteraction == 3.0 || sampledInteraction == 4.0) //Close interaction
    {
      if (sampledInteraction == 4.0) //interaction with inner shells
        {
          UII=0.0;
          rkc = cutoff/ene;
          iOsc = -1;
        }
      else
        {
          kks = (G4int) (*(shellFlag->find(Z)->second))[iOsc];
          if (kks > 4) {
            UII=0.0;
          }
          else
            {
              UII = (*(ionizationEnergy->find(Z)->second))[iOsc];
            }
          rkc = (*(resonanceEnergy->find(Z)->second))[iOsc]/ene;
        }
      G4double phi,rk;
      do{
        rk=rkc/(1.0-G4UniformRand()*(1.0-rkc));
        phi = 1.0-rk*(bha1-rk*(bha2-rk*(bha3-bha4*rk)));
      }while ( G4UniformRand() > phi);
      //Energy and scattering angle (primary electron);
      kineticEnergy1 = ene*(1.0-rk);
      cosThetaPrimary = std::sqrt(kineticEnergy1*rb/(ene*(rb-(rk*ene))));
      //Energy and scattering angle of the delta ray
      energySecondary = ene-kineticEnergy1-UII;
      cosThetaSecondary = std::sqrt(rk*ene*rb/(ene*(rk*ene+2.0*electron_mass_c2)));
    }      
      else
    {
      G4String excep = "G4PenelopeIonisation - Error in the calculation of the final state";
      G4Exception(excep);
    }

  delete qm;
  delete cumulHardCS;
  delete typeOfInteraction;
  delete nbOfLevel;

  return;
}

// This stuff in needed in order to interface with the Cross Section Handler

G4double G4PenelopeIonisation::CalculateCrossSectionsRatio(G4double ene,G4double cutoff,
                                                           G4int Z,G4double electronVolumeDensity,
                                                           const G4ParticleDefinition& particle)
{
 //Constants
  G4double gamma = 1.0+ene/electron_mass_c2;
  G4double gamma2 = gamma*gamma;
  G4double beta2 = (gamma2-1.0)/gamma2;
  G4double constant = pi*classic_electr_radius*classic_electr_radius*2.0*electron_mass_c2/beta2;
  G4double delta = CalculateDeltaFermi(ene,Z,electronVolumeDensity);
  G4int nbOsc = (G4int) resonanceEnergy->find(Z)->second->size();
  G4double S0 = 0.0, H0=0.0;
  G4double softCS = 0.0;
  G4double hardCS = 0.0;
  for (G4int i=0;i<nbOsc;i++){
    G4double resEnergy = (*(resonanceEnergy->find(Z)->second))[i];
    if (&particle == G4Electron::Electron())
      {
        S0 = CrossSectionsRatioForElectrons(ene,resEnergy,delta,cutoff,1);
        H0 = CrossSectionsRatioForElectrons(ene,resEnergy,delta,cutoff,2);
      }
    else if (&particle == G4Positron::Positron())
      {
        S0 = CrossSectionsRatioForPositrons(ene,resEnergy,delta,cutoff,1);
        H0 = CrossSectionsRatioForPositrons(ene,resEnergy,delta,cutoff,2);
      }
    G4double occupNb = (*(occupationNumber->find(Z)->second))[i];
    softCS += occupNb*constant*S0;
    hardCS += occupNb*constant*H0;
  }
  G4double ratio = 0.0;
  if (softCS+hardCS) ratio = (hardCS)/(softCS+hardCS);
  return ratio;
}


G4double G4PenelopeIonisation::CrossSectionsRatioForElectrons(G4double ene,G4double resEne,
                                                     G4double delta,G4double cutoff,
                                                     G4int index)
{
  //Calculate constants
  G4double gamma = 1.0+ene/electron_mass_c2;
  G4double gamma2 = gamma*gamma;
  G4double beta2 = (gamma2-1.0)/gamma2;
  G4double cps = ene*(ene+2.0*electron_mass_c2);
  G4double amol = (ene/(ene+electron_mass_c2)) * (ene/(ene+electron_mass_c2)) ;
  G4double hardCont = 0.0;
  G4double softCont = 0.0;
  if (ene < resEne) return 0.0;
  
  //Distant interactions
  G4double cp1s = (ene-resEne)*(ene-resEne+2.0*electron_mass_c2);
  G4double cp1 = std::sqrt(cp1s);
  G4double cp = std::sqrt(cps);
  G4double sdLong=0.0, sdTrans = 0.0, sdDist=0.0;

  //Distant longitudinal interactions
  G4double qm = 0.0;

  if (resEne > ene*(1e-6))
    {
      qm = std::sqrt((cp-cp1)*(cp-cp1)+(electron_mass_c2*electron_mass_c2))-electron_mass_c2;
    }
  else
    {
      qm = resEne*resEne/(beta2*2.0*electron_mass_c2);
      qm = qm*(1.0-0.5*qm/electron_mass_c2);
    }

  if (qm < resEne)
    {
      sdLong = std::log(resEne*(qm+2.0*electron_mass_c2)/(qm*(resEne+2.0*electron_mass_c2)));
    }
  else
    {
      sdLong = 0.0;
    }
  
  if (sdLong > 0) {
    sdTrans = std::max(std::log(gamma2)-beta2-delta,0.0);
    sdDist = sdTrans + sdLong;
    if (cutoff > resEne) 
      {
        softCont = sdDist/resEne;
      }
    else
      {
        hardCont = sdDist/resEne;
      }
  }


  // Close collisions (Moeller's cross section)
  G4double wl = std::max(cutoff,resEne);
  G4double wu = 0.5*ene;
 
  if (wl < (wu-1*eV)) 
    { 
      hardCont += (1.0/(ene-wu))-(1.0/(ene-wl))
        - (1.0/wu)+(1.0/wl)
        + (1.0-amol)*std::log(((ene-wu)*wl)/((ene-wl)*wu))/ene
        + amol*(wu-wl)/(ene*ene);
      wu=wl;
    }

  wl = resEne;
  if (wl > (wu-1*eV)) {
    if (index == 1) return softCont;
    if (index == 2) return hardCont;
  }
  softCont += (1.0/(ene-wu))-(1.0/(ene-wl))
        - (1.0/wu)+(1.0/wl)
        + (1.0-amol)*std::log(((ene-wu)*wl)/((ene-wl)*wu))/ene
        + amol*(wu-wl)/(ene*ene);
  if (index == 1) return softCont;
  return hardCont;
}

G4double G4PenelopeIonisation::CrossSectionsRatioForPositrons(G4double ene,G4double resEne,
                                             G4double delta,G4double cutoff,G4int index)
{
  //Calculate constants
  G4double gamma = 1.0+ene/electron_mass_c2;
  G4double gamma2 = gamma*gamma;
  G4double beta2 = (gamma2-1.0)/gamma2;
  G4double cps = ene*(ene+2.0*electron_mass_c2);
  G4double amol = (ene/(ene+electron_mass_c2)) * (ene/(ene+electron_mass_c2)) ;
  G4double help = (gamma+1.0)*(gamma+1.0);
  G4double bha1 = amol*(2.0*help-1.0)/(gamma2-1.0);
  G4double bha2 = amol*(3.0+1.0/help);
  G4double bha3 = amol*2.0*gamma*(gamma-1.0)/help;
  G4double bha4 = amol*(gamma-1.0)*(gamma-1.0)/help;
  G4double hardCont = 0.0;
  G4double softCont = 0.0;
  if (ene < resEne) return 0.0;


  //Distant interactions
  G4double cp1s = (ene-resEne)*(ene-resEne+2.0*electron_mass_c2);
  G4double cp1 = std::sqrt(cp1s);
  G4double cp = std::sqrt(cps);
  G4double sdLong=0.0, sdTrans = 0.0, sdDist=0.0;

  //Distant longitudinal interactions
  G4double qm = 0.0;

  if (resEne > ene*(1e-6))
    {
      qm = std::sqrt((cp-cp1)*(cp-cp1)+(electron_mass_c2*electron_mass_c2))-electron_mass_c2;
    }
  else
    {
      qm = resEne*resEne/(beta2*2.0*electron_mass_c2);
      qm = qm*(1.0-0.5*qm/electron_mass_c2);
    }

  if (qm < resEne)
    {
      sdLong = std::log(resEne*(qm+2.0*electron_mass_c2)/(qm*(resEne+2.0*electron_mass_c2)));
    }
  else
    {
      sdLong = 0.0;
    }
  
  if (sdLong > 0) {
    sdTrans = std::max(std::log(gamma2)-beta2-delta,0.0);
    sdDist = sdTrans + sdLong;
    if (cutoff > resEne) 
      {
        softCont = sdDist/resEne;
      }
    else
      {
        hardCont = sdDist/resEne;
      }
  }


  // Close collisions (Bhabha's cross section)
  G4double wl = std::max(cutoff,resEne);
  G4double wu = ene;
 
  if (wl < (wu-1*eV)) {
    hardCont += (1.0/wl)-(1.0/wu)-bha1*std::log(wu/wl)/ene
      + bha2*(wu-wl)/(ene*ene) -bha3*((wu*wu)-(wl*wl))/(2.0*ene*ene*ene)
      + bha4*((wu*wu*wu)-(wl*wl*wl))/(3.0*ene*ene*ene*ene);
    wu=wl;
  }
  wl = resEne;
  if (wl > (wu-1*eV)) 
    {  
      if (index == 1) return softCont;
      if (index == 2) return hardCont;
    }
  softCont += (1.0/wl)-(1.0/wu)-bha1*std::log(wu/wl)/ene
    + bha2*(wu-wl)/(ene*ene) -bha3*((wu*wu)-(wl*wl))/(2.0*ene*ene*ene)
    + bha4*((wu*wu*wu)-(wl*wl*wl))/(3.0*ene*ene*ene*ene);
  
  if (index == 1) return softCont;
  return hardCont;
}