1 | // |
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2 | // ******************************************************************** |
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3 | // * License and Disclaimer * |
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15 | // * use. Please see the license in the file LICENSE and URL above * |
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18 | // * This code implementation is the result of the scientific and * |
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19 | // * technical work of the GEANT4 collaboration. * |
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21 | // * any work based on the software) you agree to acknowledge its * |
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23 | // * acceptance of all terms of the Geant4 Software license. * |
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24 | // ******************************************************************** |
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25 | // |
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26 | // $Id: G4BraggModel.cc,v 1.22 2009/04/09 18:41:18 vnivanch Exp $ |
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27 | // GEANT4 tag $Name: geant4-09-03-beta-cand-01 $ |
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28 | // |
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29 | // ------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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30 | // |
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31 | // GEANT4 Class file |
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32 | // |
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33 | // |
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34 | // File name: G4BraggModel |
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35 | // |
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36 | // Author: Vladimir Ivanchenko |
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37 | // |
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38 | // Creation date: 03.01.2002 |
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39 | // |
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40 | // Modifications: |
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41 | // |
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42 | // 04-12-02 Fix problem of G4DynamicParticle constructor (V.Ivanchenko) |
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43 | // 23-12-02 Change interface in order to move to cut per region (V.Ivanchenko) |
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44 | // 27-01-03 Make models region aware (V.Ivanchenko) |
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45 | // 13-02-03 Add name (V.Ivanchenko) |
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46 | // 04-06-03 Fix compilation warnings (V.Ivanchenko) |
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47 | // 12-09-04 Add lowestKinEnergy and change order of if in DEDX method (VI) |
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48 | // 11-04-05 Major optimisation of internal interfaces (V.Ivantchenko) |
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49 | // 16-06-05 Fix problem of chemical formula (V.Ivantchenko) |
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50 | // 15-02-06 ComputeCrossSectionPerElectron, ComputeCrossSectionPerAtom (mma) |
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51 | // 25-04-06 Add stopping data from PSTAR (V.Ivanchenko) |
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52 | // 12-08-08 Added methods GetParticleCharge, GetChargeSquareRatio, |
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53 | // CorrectionsAlongStep needed for ions(V.Ivanchenko) |
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54 | |
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55 | // Class Description: |
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56 | // |
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57 | // Implementation of energy loss and delta-electron production by |
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58 | // slow charged heavy particles |
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59 | |
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60 | // ------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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61 | // |
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62 | |
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63 | |
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64 | //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo...... |
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65 | //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo...... |
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66 | |
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67 | #include "G4BraggModel.hh" |
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68 | #include "Randomize.hh" |
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69 | #include "G4Electron.hh" |
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70 | #include "G4ParticleChangeForLoss.hh" |
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71 | #include "G4LossTableManager.hh" |
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72 | #include "G4EmCorrections.hh" |
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73 | |
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74 | //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo...... |
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75 | |
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76 | using namespace std; |
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77 | |
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78 | G4BraggModel::G4BraggModel(const G4ParticleDefinition* p, const G4String& nam) |
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79 | : G4VEmModel(nam), |
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80 | particle(0), |
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81 | protonMassAMU(1.007276), |
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82 | iMolecula(0), |
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83 | isIon(false), |
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84 | isInitialised(false) |
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85 | { |
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86 | if(p) SetParticle(p); |
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87 | SetHighEnergyLimit(2.0*MeV); |
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88 | |
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89 | lowestKinEnergy = 1.0*keV; |
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90 | theZieglerFactor = eV*cm2*1.0e-15; |
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91 | theElectron = G4Electron::Electron(); |
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92 | } |
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93 | |
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94 | //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo...... |
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95 | |
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96 | G4BraggModel::~G4BraggModel() |
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97 | {} |
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98 | |
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99 | //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo...... |
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100 | |
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101 | G4double G4BraggModel::MinEnergyCut(const G4ParticleDefinition*, |
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102 | const G4MaterialCutsCouple* couple) |
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103 | { |
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104 | return couple->GetMaterial()->GetIonisation()->GetMeanExcitationEnergy(); |
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105 | } |
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106 | |
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107 | //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo...... |
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108 | |
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109 | void G4BraggModel::Initialise(const G4ParticleDefinition* p, |
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110 | const G4DataVector&) |
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111 | { |
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112 | if(p != particle) SetParticle(p); |
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113 | |
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114 | // always false before the run |
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115 | SetDeexcitationFlag(false); |
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116 | |
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117 | if(!isInitialised) { |
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118 | isInitialised = true; |
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119 | |
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120 | G4String pname = particle->GetParticleName(); |
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121 | if(particle->GetParticleType() == "nucleus" && |
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122 | pname != "deuteron" && pname != "triton") isIon = true; |
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123 | |
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124 | corr = G4LossTableManager::Instance()->EmCorrections(); |
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125 | |
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126 | fParticleChange = GetParticleChangeForLoss(); |
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127 | } |
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128 | } |
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129 | |
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130 | //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo...... |
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131 | |
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132 | G4double G4BraggModel::GetChargeSquareRatio(const G4ParticleDefinition* p, |
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133 | const G4Material* mat, |
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134 | G4double kineticEnergy) |
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135 | { |
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136 | // this method is called only for ions |
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137 | G4double q2 = corr->EffectiveChargeSquareRatio(p,mat,kineticEnergy); |
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138 | GetModelOfFluctuations()->SetParticleAndCharge(p, q2); |
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139 | return q2*corr->EffectiveChargeCorrection(p,mat,kineticEnergy); |
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140 | } |
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141 | |
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142 | //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo...... |
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143 | |
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144 | G4double G4BraggModel::GetParticleCharge(const G4ParticleDefinition* p, |
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145 | const G4Material* mat, |
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146 | G4double kineticEnergy) |
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147 | { |
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148 | // this method is called only for ions |
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149 | return corr->GetParticleCharge(p,mat,kineticEnergy); |
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150 | } |
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151 | |
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152 | //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo...... |
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153 | |
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154 | G4double G4BraggModel::ComputeCrossSectionPerElectron( |
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155 | const G4ParticleDefinition* p, |
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156 | G4double kineticEnergy, |
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157 | G4double cutEnergy, |
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158 | G4double maxKinEnergy) |
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159 | { |
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160 | G4double cross = 0.0; |
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161 | G4double tmax = MaxSecondaryEnergy(p, kineticEnergy); |
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162 | G4double maxEnergy = std::min(tmax,maxKinEnergy); |
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163 | if(cutEnergy < tmax) { |
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164 | |
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165 | G4double energy = kineticEnergy + mass; |
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166 | G4double energy2 = energy*energy; |
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167 | G4double beta2 = kineticEnergy*(kineticEnergy + 2.0*mass)/energy2; |
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168 | cross = 1.0/cutEnergy - 1.0/maxEnergy - beta2*log(maxEnergy/cutEnergy)/tmax; |
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169 | |
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170 | cross *= twopi_mc2_rcl2*chargeSquare/beta2; |
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171 | } |
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172 | // G4cout << "BR: e= " << kineticEnergy << " tmin= " << cutEnergy |
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173 | // << " tmax= " << tmax << " cross= " << cross << G4endl; |
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174 | |
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175 | return cross; |
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176 | } |
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177 | |
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178 | //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo...... |
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179 | |
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180 | G4double G4BraggModel::ComputeCrossSectionPerAtom( |
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181 | const G4ParticleDefinition* p, |
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182 | G4double kineticEnergy, |
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183 | G4double Z, G4double, |
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184 | G4double cutEnergy, |
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185 | G4double maxEnergy) |
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186 | { |
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187 | G4double cross = Z*ComputeCrossSectionPerElectron |
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188 | (p,kineticEnergy,cutEnergy,maxEnergy); |
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189 | return cross; |
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190 | } |
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191 | |
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192 | //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo...... |
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193 | |
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194 | G4double G4BraggModel::CrossSectionPerVolume( |
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195 | const G4Material* material, |
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196 | const G4ParticleDefinition* p, |
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197 | G4double kineticEnergy, |
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198 | G4double cutEnergy, |
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199 | G4double maxEnergy) |
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200 | { |
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201 | G4double eDensity = material->GetElectronDensity(); |
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202 | G4double cross = eDensity*ComputeCrossSectionPerElectron |
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203 | (p,kineticEnergy,cutEnergy,maxEnergy); |
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204 | return cross; |
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205 | } |
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206 | |
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207 | //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo...... |
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208 | |
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209 | G4double G4BraggModel::ComputeDEDXPerVolume(const G4Material* material, |
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210 | const G4ParticleDefinition* p, |
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211 | G4double kineticEnergy, |
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212 | G4double cutEnergy) |
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213 | { |
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214 | G4double tmax = MaxSecondaryEnergy(p, kineticEnergy); |
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215 | G4double tkin = kineticEnergy/massRate; |
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216 | G4double dedx = 0.0; |
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217 | if(tkin > lowestKinEnergy) dedx = DEDX(material, tkin); |
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218 | else dedx = DEDX(material, lowestKinEnergy)*sqrt(tkin/lowestKinEnergy); |
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219 | |
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220 | if (cutEnergy < tmax) { |
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221 | |
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222 | G4double tau = kineticEnergy/mass; |
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223 | G4double gam = tau + 1.0; |
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224 | G4double bg2 = tau * (tau+2.0); |
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225 | G4double beta2 = bg2/(gam*gam); |
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226 | G4double x = cutEnergy/tmax; |
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227 | |
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228 | dedx += (log(x) + (1.0 - x)*beta2) * twopi_mc2_rcl2 |
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229 | * (material->GetElectronDensity())/beta2; |
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230 | } |
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231 | |
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232 | // now compute the total ionization loss |
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233 | |
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234 | if (dedx < 0.0) dedx = 0.0 ; |
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235 | |
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236 | dedx *= chargeSquare; |
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237 | |
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238 | return dedx; |
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239 | } |
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240 | |
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241 | //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo...... |
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242 | |
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243 | void G4BraggModel::CorrectionsAlongStep(const G4MaterialCutsCouple* couple, |
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244 | const G4DynamicParticle* dp, |
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245 | G4double& eloss, |
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246 | G4double&, |
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247 | G4double length) |
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248 | { |
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249 | if(nuclearStopping) { |
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250 | |
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251 | G4double preKinEnergy = dp->GetKineticEnergy(); |
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252 | G4double e = preKinEnergy - eloss*0.5; |
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253 | if(e < 0.0) e = preKinEnergy*0.5; |
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254 | G4double nloss = length*corr->NuclearDEDX(dp->GetDefinition(), |
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255 | couple->GetMaterial(), |
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256 | e,false); |
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257 | |
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258 | // too big energy loss |
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259 | if(eloss + nloss > preKinEnergy) { |
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260 | nloss *= (preKinEnergy/(eloss + nloss)); |
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261 | eloss = preKinEnergy; |
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262 | } else { |
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263 | eloss += nloss; |
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264 | } |
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265 | /* |
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266 | G4cout << "G4ionIonisation::CorrectionsAlongStep: e= " << preKinEnergy |
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267 | << " de= " << eloss << " NIEL= " << nloss |
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268 | << " dynQ= " << dp->GetCharge()/eplus << G4endl; |
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269 | */ |
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270 | fParticleChange->ProposeNonIonizingEnergyDeposit(nloss); |
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271 | } |
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272 | } |
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273 | |
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274 | //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo...... |
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275 | |
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276 | void G4BraggModel::SampleSecondaries(vector<G4DynamicParticle*>* vdp, |
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277 | const G4MaterialCutsCouple*, |
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278 | const G4DynamicParticle* dp, |
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279 | G4double xmin, |
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280 | G4double maxEnergy) |
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281 | { |
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282 | G4double tmax = MaxSecondaryKinEnergy(dp); |
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283 | G4double xmax = std::min(tmax, maxEnergy); |
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284 | if(xmin >= xmax) return; |
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285 | |
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286 | G4double kineticEnergy = dp->GetKineticEnergy(); |
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287 | G4double energy = kineticEnergy + mass; |
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288 | G4double energy2 = energy*energy; |
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289 | G4double beta2 = kineticEnergy*(kineticEnergy + 2.0*mass)/energy2; |
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290 | G4double grej = 1.0; |
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291 | G4double deltaKinEnergy, f; |
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292 | |
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293 | G4ThreeVector direction = dp->GetMomentumDirection(); |
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294 | |
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295 | // sampling follows ... |
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296 | do { |
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297 | G4double q = G4UniformRand(); |
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298 | deltaKinEnergy = xmin*xmax/(xmin*(1.0 - q) + xmax*q); |
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299 | |
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300 | f = 1.0 - beta2*deltaKinEnergy/tmax; |
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301 | |
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302 | if(f > grej) { |
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303 | G4cout << "G4BraggModel::SampleSecondary Warning! " |
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304 | << "Majorant " << grej << " < " |
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305 | << f << " for e= " << deltaKinEnergy |
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306 | << G4endl; |
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307 | } |
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308 | |
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309 | } while( grej*G4UniformRand() >= f ); |
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310 | |
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311 | G4double deltaMomentum = |
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312 | sqrt(deltaKinEnergy * (deltaKinEnergy + 2.0*electron_mass_c2)); |
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313 | G4double totMomentum = energy*sqrt(beta2); |
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314 | G4double cost = deltaKinEnergy * (energy + electron_mass_c2) / |
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315 | (deltaMomentum * totMomentum); |
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316 | if(cost > 1.0) cost = 1.0; |
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317 | G4double sint = sqrt((1.0 - cost)*(1.0 + cost)); |
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318 | |
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319 | G4double phi = twopi * G4UniformRand() ; |
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320 | |
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321 | G4ThreeVector deltaDirection(sint*cos(phi),sint*sin(phi), cost) ; |
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322 | deltaDirection.rotateUz(direction); |
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323 | |
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324 | // Change kinematics of primary particle |
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325 | kineticEnergy -= deltaKinEnergy; |
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326 | G4ThreeVector finalP = direction*totMomentum - deltaDirection*deltaMomentum; |
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327 | finalP = finalP.unit(); |
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328 | |
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329 | fParticleChange->SetProposedKineticEnergy(kineticEnergy); |
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330 | fParticleChange->SetProposedMomentumDirection(finalP); |
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331 | |
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332 | // create G4DynamicParticle object for delta ray |
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333 | G4DynamicParticle* delta = new G4DynamicParticle(theElectron,deltaDirection, |
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334 | deltaKinEnergy); |
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335 | |
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336 | vdp->push_back(delta); |
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337 | } |
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338 | |
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339 | //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo...... |
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340 | |
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341 | G4double G4BraggModel::MaxSecondaryEnergy(const G4ParticleDefinition* pd, |
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342 | G4double kinEnergy) |
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343 | { |
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344 | if(pd != particle) SetParticle(pd); |
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345 | G4double tau = kinEnergy/mass; |
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346 | G4double tmax = 2.0*electron_mass_c2*tau*(tau + 2.) / |
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347 | (1. + 2.0*(tau + 1.)*ratio + ratio*ratio); |
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348 | return tmax; |
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349 | } |
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350 | |
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351 | //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo...... |
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352 | |
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353 | G4bool G4BraggModel::HasMaterial(const G4Material* material) |
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354 | { |
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355 | const size_t numberOfMolecula = 11 ; |
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356 | SetMoleculaNumber(numberOfMolecula) ; |
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357 | G4String chFormula = material->GetChemicalFormula() ; |
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358 | |
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359 | // ICRU Report N49, 1993. Power's model for He. |
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360 | static G4String molName[numberOfMolecula] = { |
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361 | "Al_2O_3", "CO_2", "CH_4", |
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362 | "(C_2H_4)_N-Polyethylene", "(C_2H_4)_N-Polypropylene", "(C_8H_8)_N", |
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363 | "C_3H_8", "SiO_2", "H_2O", |
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364 | "H_2O-Gas", "Graphite" } ; |
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365 | |
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366 | // Special treatment for water in gas state |
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367 | const G4State theState = material->GetState() ; |
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368 | |
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369 | if( theState == kStateGas && "H_2O" == chFormula) { |
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370 | chFormula = G4String("H_2O-Gas"); |
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371 | } |
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372 | |
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373 | // Search for the material in the table |
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374 | for (size_t i=0; i<numberOfMolecula; i++) { |
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375 | if (chFormula == molName[i]) { |
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376 | SetMoleculaNumber(i) ; |
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377 | return true ; |
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378 | } |
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379 | } |
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380 | return false ; |
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381 | } |
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382 | |
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383 | //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo...... |
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384 | |
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385 | G4double G4BraggModel::StoppingPower(const G4Material* material, |
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386 | G4double kineticEnergy) |
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387 | { |
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388 | G4double ionloss = 0.0 ; |
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389 | |
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390 | if (iMolecula < 11) { |
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391 | |
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392 | // The data and the fit from: |
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393 | // ICRU Report N49, 1993. Ziegler's model for protons. |
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394 | // Proton kinetic energy for parametrisation (keV/amu) |
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395 | |
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396 | G4double T = kineticEnergy/(keV*protonMassAMU) ; |
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397 | |
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398 | static G4double a[11][5] = { |
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399 | {1.187E+1, 1.343E+1, 1.069E+4, 7.723E+2, 2.153E-2}, |
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400 | {7.802E+0, 8.814E+0, 8.303E+3, 7.446E+2, 7.966E-3}, |
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401 | {7.294E+0, 8.284E+0, 5.010E+3, 4.544E+2, 8.153E-3}, |
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402 | {8.646E+0, 9.800E+0, 7.066E+3, 4.581E+2, 9.383E-3}, |
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403 | {1.286E+1, 1.462E+1, 5.625E+3, 2.621E+3, 3.512E-2}, |
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404 | {3.229E+1, 3.696E+1, 8.918E+3, 3.244E+3, 1.273E-1}, |
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405 | {1.604E+1, 1.825E+1, 6.967E+3, 2.307E+3, 3.775E-2}, |
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406 | {8.049E+0, 9.099E+0, 9.257E+3, 3.846E+2, 1.007E-2}, |
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407 | {4.015E+0, 4.542E+0, 3.955E+3, 4.847E+2, 7.904E-3}, |
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408 | {4.571E+0, 5.173E+0, 4.346E+3, 4.779E+2, 8.572E-3}, |
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409 | {2.631E+0, 2.601E+0, 1.701E+3, 1.279E+3, 1.638E-2} }; |
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410 | |
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411 | static G4double atomicWeight[11] = { |
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412 | 101.96128, 44.0098, 16.0426, 28.0536, 42.0804, |
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413 | 104.1512, 44.665, 60.0843, 18.0152, 18.0152, 12.0}; |
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414 | |
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415 | if ( T < 10.0 ) { |
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416 | ionloss = a[iMolecula][0] * sqrt(T) ; |
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417 | |
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418 | } else if ( T < 10000.0 ) { |
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419 | G4double slow = a[iMolecula][1] * pow(T, 0.45) ; |
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420 | G4double shigh = log( 1.0 + a[iMolecula][3]/T |
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421 | + a[iMolecula][4]*T ) * a[iMolecula][2]/T ; |
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422 | ionloss = slow*shigh / (slow + shigh) ; |
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423 | } |
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424 | |
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425 | if ( ionloss < 0.0) ionloss = 0.0 ; |
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426 | if ( 10 == iMolecula ) { |
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427 | if (T < 100.0) { |
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428 | ionloss *= (1.0+0.023+0.0066*log10(T)); |
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429 | } |
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430 | else if (T < 700.0) { |
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431 | ionloss *=(1.0+0.089-0.0248*log10(T-99.)); |
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432 | } |
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433 | else if (T < 10000.0) { |
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434 | ionloss *=(1.0+0.089-0.0248*log10(700.-99.)); |
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435 | } |
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436 | } |
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437 | ionloss /= atomicWeight[iMolecula]; |
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438 | |
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439 | // pure material (normally not the case for this function) |
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440 | } else if(1 == (material->GetNumberOfElements())) { |
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441 | G4double z = material->GetZ() ; |
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442 | ionloss = ElectronicStoppingPower( z, kineticEnergy ) ; |
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443 | } |
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444 | |
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445 | return ionloss; |
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446 | } |
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447 | |
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448 | //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo...... |
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449 | |
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450 | G4double G4BraggModel::ElectronicStoppingPower(G4double z, |
---|
451 | G4double kineticEnergy) const |
---|
452 | { |
---|
453 | G4double ionloss ; |
---|
454 | G4int i = G4int(z)-1 ; // index of atom |
---|
455 | if(i < 0) i = 0 ; |
---|
456 | if(i > 91) i = 91 ; |
---|
457 | |
---|
458 | // The data and the fit from: |
---|
459 | // ICRU Report 49, 1993. Ziegler's type of parametrisations. |
---|
460 | // Proton kinetic energy for parametrisation (keV/amu) |
---|
461 | |
---|
462 | G4double T = kineticEnergy/(keV*protonMassAMU) ; |
---|
463 | |
---|
464 | static G4double a[92][5] = { |
---|
465 | {1.254E+0, 1.440E+0, 2.426E+2, 1.200E+4, 1.159E-1}, |
---|
466 | {1.229E+0, 1.397E+0, 4.845E+2, 5.873E+3, 5.225E-2}, |
---|
467 | {1.411E+0, 1.600E+0, 7.256E+2, 3.013E+3, 4.578E-2}, |
---|
468 | {2.248E+0, 2.590E+0, 9.660E+2, 1.538E+2, 3.475E-2}, |
---|
469 | {2.474E+0, 2.815E+0, 1.206E+3, 1.060E+3, 2.855E-2}, |
---|
470 | {2.631E+0, 2.601E+0, 1.701E+3, 1.279E+3, 1.638E-2}, |
---|
471 | {2.954E+0, 3.350E+0, 1.683E+3, 1.900E+3, 2.513E-2}, |
---|
472 | {2.652E+0, 3.000E+0, 1.920E+3, 2.000E+3, 2.230E-2}, |
---|
473 | {2.085E+0, 2.352E+0, 2.157E+3, 2.634E+3, 1.816E-2}, |
---|
474 | {1.951E+0, 2.199E+0, 2.393E+3, 2.699E+3, 1.568E-2}, |
---|
475 | // Z= 11-20 |
---|
476 | {2.542E+0, 2.869E+0, 2.628E+3, 1.854E+3, 1.472E-2}, |
---|
477 | {3.791E+0, 4.293E+0, 2.862E+3, 1.009E+3, 1.397E-2}, |
---|
478 | {4.154E+0, 4.739E+0, 2.766E+3, 1.645E+2, 2.023E-2}, |
---|
479 | {4.914E+0, 5.598E+0, 3.193E+3, 2.327E+2, 1.419E-2}, |
---|
480 | {3.232E+0, 3.647E+0, 3.561E+3, 1.560E+3, 1.267E-2}, |
---|
481 | {3.447E+0, 3.891E+0, 3.792E+3, 1.219E+3, 1.211E-2}, |
---|
482 | {5.301E+0, 6.008E+0, 3.969E+3, 6.451E+2, 1.183E-2}, |
---|
483 | {5.731E+0, 6.500E+0, 4.253E+3, 5.300E+2, 1.123E-2}, |
---|
484 | {5.152E+0, 5.833E+0, 4.482E+3, 5.457E+2, 1.129E-2}, |
---|
485 | {5.521E+0, 6.252E+0, 4.710E+3, 5.533E+2, 1.112E-2}, |
---|
486 | // Z= 21-30 |
---|
487 | {5.201E+0, 5.884E+0, 4.938E+3, 5.609E+2, 9.995E-3}, |
---|
488 | {4.858E+0, 5.489E+0, 5.260E+3, 6.511E+2, 8.930E-3}, |
---|
489 | {4.479E+0, 5.055E+0, 5.391E+3, 9.523E+2, 9.117E-3}, |
---|
490 | {3.983E+0, 4.489E+0, 5.616E+3, 1.336E+3, 8.413E-3}, |
---|
491 | {3.469E+0, 3.907E+0, 5.725E+3, 1.461E+3, 8.829E-3}, |
---|
492 | {3.519E+0, 3.963E+0, 6.065E+3, 1.243E+3, 7.782E-3}, |
---|
493 | {3.140E+0, 3.535E+0, 6.288E+3, 1.372E+3, 7.361E-3}, |
---|
494 | {3.553E+0, 4.004E+0, 6.205E+3, 5.551E+2, 8.763E-3}, |
---|
495 | {3.696E+0, 4.194E+0, 4.649E+3, 8.113E+1, 2.242E-2}, |
---|
496 | {4.210E+0, 4.750E+0, 6.953E+3, 2.952E+2, 6.809E-3}, |
---|
497 | // Z= 31-40 |
---|
498 | {5.041E+0, 5.697E+0, 7.173E+3, 2.026E+2, 6.725E-3}, |
---|
499 | {5.554E+0, 6.300E+0, 6.496E+3, 1.100E+2, 9.689E-3}, |
---|
500 | {5.323E+0, 6.012E+0, 7.611E+3, 2.925E+2, 6.447E-3}, |
---|
501 | {5.874E+0, 6.656E+0, 7.395E+3, 1.175E+2, 7.684E-3}, |
---|
502 | {6.658E+0, 7.536E+0, 7.694E+3, 2.223E+2, 6.509E-3}, |
---|
503 | {6.413E+0, 7.240E+0, 1.185E+4, 1.537E+2, 2.880E-3}, |
---|
504 | {5.694E+0, 6.429E+0, 8.478E+3, 2.929E+2, 6.087E-3}, |
---|
505 | {6.339E+0, 7.159E+0, 8.693E+3, 3.303E+2, 6.003E-3}, |
---|
506 | {6.407E+0, 7.234E+0, 8.907E+3, 3.678E+2, 5.889E-3}, |
---|
507 | {6.734E+0, 7.603E+0, 9.120E+3, 4.052E+2, 5.765E-3}, |
---|
508 | // Z= 41-50 |
---|
509 | {6.901E+0, 7.791E+0, 9.333E+3, 4.427E+2, 5.587E-3}, |
---|
510 | {6.424E+0, 7.248E+0, 9.545E+3, 4.802E+2, 5.376E-3}, |
---|
511 | {6.799E+0, 7.671E+0, 9.756E+3, 5.176E+2, 5.315E-3}, |
---|
512 | {6.109E+0, 6.887E+0, 9.966E+3, 5.551E+2, 5.151E-3}, |
---|
513 | {5.924E+0, 6.677E+0, 1.018E+4, 5.925E+2, 4.919E-3}, |
---|
514 | {5.238E+0, 5.900E+0, 1.038E+4, 6.300E+2, 4.758E-3}, |
---|
515 | // {5.623, 6.354, 7160.0, 337.6, 0.013940}, // Ag Ziegler77 |
---|
516 | {5.345E+0, 6.038E+0, 6.790E+3, 3.978E+2, 1.676E-2}, // Ag ICRU49 |
---|
517 | {5.814E+0, 6.554E+0, 1.080E+4, 3.555E+2, 4.626E-3}, |
---|
518 | {6.229E+0, 7.024E+0, 1.101E+4, 3.709E+2, 4.540E-3}, |
---|
519 | {6.409E+0, 7.227E+0, 1.121E+4, 3.864E+2, 4.474E-3}, |
---|
520 | // Z= 51-60 |
---|
521 | {7.500E+0, 8.480E+0, 8.608E+3, 3.480E+2, 9.074E-3}, |
---|
522 | {6.979E+0, 7.871E+0, 1.162E+4, 3.924E+2, 4.402E-3}, |
---|
523 | {7.725E+0, 8.716E+0, 1.183E+4, 3.948E+2, 4.376E-3}, |
---|
524 | {8.337E+0, 9.425E+0, 1.051E+4, 2.696E+2, 6.206E-3}, |
---|
525 | {7.287E+0, 8.218E+0, 1.223E+4, 3.997E+2, 4.447E-3}, |
---|
526 | {7.899E+0, 8.911E+0, 1.243E+4, 4.021E+2, 4.511E-3}, |
---|
527 | {8.041E+0, 9.071E+0, 1.263E+4, 4.045E+2, 4.540E-3}, |
---|
528 | {7.488E+0, 8.444E+0, 1.283E+4, 4.069E+2, 4.420E-3}, |
---|
529 | {7.291E+0, 8.219E+0, 1.303E+4, 4.093E+2, 4.298E-3}, |
---|
530 | {7.098E+0, 8.000E+0, 1.323E+4, 4.118E+2, 4.182E-3}, |
---|
531 | // Z= 61-70 |
---|
532 | {6.909E+0, 7.786E+0, 1.343E+4, 4.142E+2, 4.058E-3}, |
---|
533 | {6.728E+0, 7.580E+0, 1.362E+4, 4.166E+2, 3.976E-3}, |
---|
534 | {6.551E+0, 7.380E+0, 1.382E+4, 4.190E+2, 3.877E-3}, |
---|
535 | {6.739E+0, 7.592E+0, 1.402E+4, 4.214E+2, 3.863E-3}, |
---|
536 | {6.212E+0, 6.996E+0, 1.421E+4, 4.239E+2, 3.725E-3}, |
---|
537 | {5.517E+0, 6.210E+0, 1.440E+4, 4.263E+2, 3.632E-3}, |
---|
538 | {5.220E+0, 5.874E+0, 1.460E+4, 4.287E+2, 3.498E-3}, |
---|
539 | {5.071E+0, 5.706E+0, 1.479E+4, 4.330E+2, 3.405E-3}, |
---|
540 | {4.926E+0, 5.542E+0, 1.498E+4, 4.335E+2, 3.342E-3}, |
---|
541 | {4.788E+0, 5.386E+0, 1.517E+4, 4.359E+2, 3.292E-3}, |
---|
542 | // Z= 71-80 |
---|
543 | {4.893E+0, 5.505E+0, 1.536E+4, 4.384E+2, 3.243E-3}, |
---|
544 | {5.028E+0, 5.657E+0, 1.555E+4, 4.408E+2, 3.195E-3}, |
---|
545 | {4.738E+0, 5.329E+0, 1.574E+4, 4.432E+2, 3.186E-3}, |
---|
546 | {4.587E+0, 5.160E+0, 1.541E+4, 4.153E+2, 3.406E-3}, |
---|
547 | {5.201E+0, 5.851E+0, 1.612E+4, 4.416E+2, 3.122E-3}, |
---|
548 | {5.071E+0, 5.704E+0, 1.630E+4, 4.409E+2, 3.082E-3}, |
---|
549 | {4.946E+0, 5.563E+0, 1.649E+4, 4.401E+2, 2.965E-3}, |
---|
550 | {4.477E+0, 5.034E+0, 1.667E+4, 4.393E+2, 2.871E-3}, |
---|
551 | // {4.856, 5.460, 18320.0, 438.5, 0.002542}, //Ziegler77 |
---|
552 | {4.844E+0, 5.458E+0, 7.852E+3, 9.758E+2, 2.077E-2}, //ICRU49 |
---|
553 | {4.307E+0, 4.843E+0, 1.704E+4, 4.878E+2, 2.882E-3}, |
---|
554 | // Z= 81-90 |
---|
555 | {4.723E+0, 5.311E+0, 1.722E+4, 5.370E+2, 2.913E-3}, |
---|
556 | {5.319E+0, 5.982E+0, 1.740E+4, 5.863E+2, 2.871E-3}, |
---|
557 | {5.956E+0, 6.700E+0, 1.780E+4, 6.770E+2, 2.660E-3}, |
---|
558 | {6.158E+0, 6.928E+0, 1.777E+4, 5.863E+2, 2.812E-3}, |
---|
559 | {6.203E+0, 6.979E+0, 1.795E+4, 5.863E+2, 2.776E-3}, |
---|
560 | {6.181E+0, 6.954E+0, 1.812E+4, 5.863E+2, 2.748E-3}, |
---|
561 | {6.949E+0, 7.820E+0, 1.830E+4, 5.863E+2, 2.737E-3}, |
---|
562 | {7.506E+0, 8.448E+0, 1.848E+4, 5.863E+2, 2.727E-3}, |
---|
563 | {7.648E+0, 8.609E+0, 1.866E+4, 5.863E+2, 2.697E-3}, |
---|
564 | {7.711E+0, 8.679E+0, 1.883E+4, 5.863E+2, 2.641E-3}, |
---|
565 | // Z= 91-92 |
---|
566 | {7.407E+0, 8.336E+0, 1.901E+4, 5.863E+2, 2.603E-3}, |
---|
567 | {7.290E+0, 8.204E+0, 1.918E+4, 5.863E+2, 2.673E-3} |
---|
568 | }; |
---|
569 | |
---|
570 | G4double fac = 1.0 ; |
---|
571 | |
---|
572 | // Carbon specific case for E < 40 keV |
---|
573 | if ( T < 40.0 && 5 == i) { |
---|
574 | fac = sqrt(T/40.0) ; |
---|
575 | T = 40.0 ; |
---|
576 | |
---|
577 | // Free electron gas model |
---|
578 | } else if ( T < 10.0 ) { |
---|
579 | fac = sqrt(T*0.1) ; |
---|
580 | T =10.0 ; |
---|
581 | } |
---|
582 | |
---|
583 | // Main parametrisation |
---|
584 | G4double slow = a[i][1] * pow(T, 0.45) ; |
---|
585 | G4double shigh = log( 1.0 + a[i][3]/T + a[i][4]*T ) * a[i][2]/T ; |
---|
586 | ionloss = slow*shigh*fac / (slow + shigh) ; |
---|
587 | |
---|
588 | if ( ionloss < 0.0) ionloss = 0.0 ; |
---|
589 | |
---|
590 | return ionloss; |
---|
591 | } |
---|
592 | |
---|
593 | //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo...... |
---|
594 | |
---|
595 | G4double G4BraggModel::DEDX(const G4Material* material, |
---|
596 | G4double kineticEnergy) |
---|
597 | { |
---|
598 | G4double eloss = 0.0; |
---|
599 | const G4int numberOfElements = material->GetNumberOfElements(); |
---|
600 | const G4double* theAtomicNumDensityVector = |
---|
601 | material->GetAtomicNumDensityVector(); |
---|
602 | |
---|
603 | // compaund material with parametrisation |
---|
604 | G4int iNist = pstar.GetIndex(material); |
---|
605 | |
---|
606 | if( iNist >= 0 ) { |
---|
607 | return pstar.GetElectronicDEDX(iNist, kineticEnergy)*material->GetDensity(); |
---|
608 | |
---|
609 | } else if( HasMaterial(material) ) { |
---|
610 | |
---|
611 | eloss = StoppingPower(material, kineticEnergy)* |
---|
612 | material->GetDensity()/amu; |
---|
613 | |
---|
614 | // pure material |
---|
615 | } else if(1 == numberOfElements) { |
---|
616 | |
---|
617 | G4double z = material->GetZ(); |
---|
618 | eloss = ElectronicStoppingPower(z, kineticEnergy) |
---|
619 | * (material->GetTotNbOfAtomsPerVolume()); |
---|
620 | |
---|
621 | |
---|
622 | // Experimental data exist only for kinetic energy 125 keV |
---|
623 | } else if( MolecIsInZiegler1988(material) ) { |
---|
624 | |
---|
625 | // Cycle over elements - calculation based on Bragg's rule |
---|
626 | G4double eloss125 = 0.0 ; |
---|
627 | const G4ElementVector* theElementVector = |
---|
628 | material->GetElementVector(); |
---|
629 | |
---|
630 | // loop for the elements in the material |
---|
631 | for (G4int i=0; i<numberOfElements; i++) { |
---|
632 | const G4Element* element = (*theElementVector)[i] ; |
---|
633 | G4double z = element->GetZ() ; |
---|
634 | eloss += ElectronicStoppingPower(z,kineticEnergy) |
---|
635 | * theAtomicNumDensityVector[i] ; |
---|
636 | eloss125 += ElectronicStoppingPower(z,125.0*keV) |
---|
637 | * theAtomicNumDensityVector[i] ; |
---|
638 | } |
---|
639 | |
---|
640 | // Chemical factor is taken into account |
---|
641 | eloss *= ChemicalFactor(kineticEnergy, eloss125) ; |
---|
642 | |
---|
643 | // Brugg's rule calculation |
---|
644 | } else { |
---|
645 | const G4ElementVector* theElementVector = |
---|
646 | material->GetElementVector() ; |
---|
647 | |
---|
648 | // loop for the elements in the material |
---|
649 | for (G4int i=0; i<numberOfElements; i++) |
---|
650 | { |
---|
651 | const G4Element* element = (*theElementVector)[i] ; |
---|
652 | eloss += ElectronicStoppingPower(element->GetZ(), kineticEnergy) |
---|
653 | * theAtomicNumDensityVector[i]; |
---|
654 | } |
---|
655 | } |
---|
656 | return eloss*theZieglerFactor; |
---|
657 | } |
---|
658 | |
---|
659 | //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo...... |
---|
660 | |
---|
661 | G4bool G4BraggModel::MolecIsInZiegler1988(const G4Material* material) |
---|
662 | { |
---|
663 | // The list of molecules from |
---|
664 | // J.F.Ziegler and J.M.Manoyan, The stopping of ions in compaunds, |
---|
665 | // Nucl. Inst. & Meth. in Phys. Res. B35 (1988) 215-228. |
---|
666 | |
---|
667 | G4String myFormula = G4String(" ") ; |
---|
668 | const G4String chFormula = material->GetChemicalFormula() ; |
---|
669 | if (myFormula == chFormula ) return false ; |
---|
670 | |
---|
671 | // There are no evidence for difference of stopping power depended on |
---|
672 | // phase of the compound except for water. The stopping power of the |
---|
673 | // water in gas phase can be predicted using Bragg's rule. |
---|
674 | // |
---|
675 | // No chemical factor for water-gas |
---|
676 | |
---|
677 | myFormula = G4String("H_2O") ; |
---|
678 | const G4State theState = material->GetState() ; |
---|
679 | if( theState == kStateGas && myFormula == chFormula) return false ; |
---|
680 | |
---|
681 | const size_t numberOfMolecula = 53 ; |
---|
682 | |
---|
683 | // The coffecient from Table.4 of Ziegler & Manoyan |
---|
684 | const G4double HeEff = 2.8735 ; |
---|
685 | |
---|
686 | static G4String nameOfMol[numberOfMolecula] = { |
---|
687 | "H_2O", "C_2H_4O", "C_3H_6O", "C_2H_2", "C_H_3OH", |
---|
688 | "C_2H_5OH", "C_3H_7OH", "C_3H_4", "NH_3", "C_14H_10", |
---|
689 | "C_6H_6", "C_4H_10", "C_4H_6", "C_4H_8O", "CCl_4", |
---|
690 | "CF_4", "C_6H_8", "C_6H_12", "C_6H_10O", "C_6H_10", |
---|
691 | "C_8H_16", "C_5H_10", "C_5H_8", "C_3H_6-Cyclopropane","C_2H_4F_2", |
---|
692 | "C_2H_2F_2", "C_4H_8O_2", "C_2H_6", "C_2F_6", "C_2H_6O", |
---|
693 | "C_3H_6O", "C_4H_10O", "C_2H_4", "C_2H_4O", "C_2H_4S", |
---|
694 | "SH_2", "CH_4", "CCLF_3", "CCl_2F_2", "CHCl_2F", |
---|
695 | "(CH_3)_2S", "N_2O", "C_5H_10O", "C_8H_6", "(CH_2)_N", |
---|
696 | "(C_3H_6)_N","(C_8H_8)_N", "C_3H_8", "C_3H_6-Propylene", "C_3H_6O", |
---|
697 | "C_3H_6S", "C_4H_4S", "C_7H_8" |
---|
698 | } ; |
---|
699 | |
---|
700 | static G4double expStopping[numberOfMolecula] = { |
---|
701 | 66.1, 190.4, 258.7, 42.2, 141.5, |
---|
702 | 210.9, 279.6, 198.8, 31.0, 267.5, |
---|
703 | 122.8, 311.4, 260.3, 328.9, 391.3, |
---|
704 | 206.6, 374.0, 422.0, 432.0, 398.0, |
---|
705 | 554.0, 353.0, 326.0, 74.6, 220.5, |
---|
706 | 197.4, 362.0, 170.0, 330.5, 211.3, |
---|
707 | 262.3, 349.6, 51.3, 187.0, 236.9, |
---|
708 | 121.9, 35.8, 247.0, 292.6, 268.0, |
---|
709 | 262.3, 49.0, 398.9, 444.0, 22.91, |
---|
710 | 68.0, 155.0, 84.0, 74.2, 254.7, |
---|
711 | 306.8, 324.4, 420.0 |
---|
712 | } ; |
---|
713 | |
---|
714 | static G4double expCharge[numberOfMolecula] = { |
---|
715 | HeEff, HeEff, HeEff, 1.0, HeEff, |
---|
716 | HeEff, HeEff, HeEff, 1.0, 1.0, |
---|
717 | 1.0, HeEff, HeEff, HeEff, HeEff, |
---|
718 | HeEff, HeEff, HeEff, HeEff, HeEff, |
---|
719 | HeEff, HeEff, HeEff, 1.0, HeEff, |
---|
720 | HeEff, HeEff, HeEff, HeEff, HeEff, |
---|
721 | HeEff, HeEff, 1.0, HeEff, HeEff, |
---|
722 | HeEff, 1.0, HeEff, HeEff, HeEff, |
---|
723 | HeEff, 1.0, HeEff, HeEff, 1.0, |
---|
724 | 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, HeEff, |
---|
725 | HeEff, HeEff, HeEff |
---|
726 | } ; |
---|
727 | |
---|
728 | static G4double numberOfAtomsPerMolecula[numberOfMolecula] = { |
---|
729 | 3.0, 7.0, 10.0, 4.0, 6.0, |
---|
730 | 9.0, 12.0, 7.0, 4.0, 24.0, |
---|
731 | 12.0, 14.0, 10.0, 13.0, 5.0, |
---|
732 | 5.0, 14.0, 18.0, 17.0, 17.0, |
---|
733 | 24.0, 15.0, 13.0, 9.0, 8.0, |
---|
734 | 6.0, 14.0, 8.0, 8.0, 9.0, |
---|
735 | 10.0, 15.0, 6.0, 7.0, 7.0, |
---|
736 | 3.0, 5.0, 5.0, 5.0, 5.0, |
---|
737 | 9.0, 3.0, 16.0, 14.0, 3.0, |
---|
738 | 9.0, 16.0, 11.0, 9.0, 10.0, |
---|
739 | 10.0, 9.0, 15.0 |
---|
740 | } ; |
---|
741 | |
---|
742 | // Search for the compaund in the table |
---|
743 | for (size_t i=0; i<numberOfMolecula; i++) |
---|
744 | { |
---|
745 | if(chFormula == nameOfMol[i]) { |
---|
746 | G4double exp125 = expStopping[i] * |
---|
747 | (material->GetTotNbOfAtomsPerVolume()) / |
---|
748 | (expCharge[i] * numberOfAtomsPerMolecula[i]) ; |
---|
749 | SetExpStopPower125(exp125); |
---|
750 | return true; |
---|
751 | } |
---|
752 | } |
---|
753 | |
---|
754 | return false; |
---|
755 | } |
---|
756 | |
---|
757 | //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo...... |
---|
758 | |
---|
759 | G4double G4BraggModel::ChemicalFactor(G4double kineticEnergy, |
---|
760 | G4double eloss125) const |
---|
761 | { |
---|
762 | // Approximation of Chemical Factor according to |
---|
763 | // J.F.Ziegler and J.M.Manoyan, The stopping of ions in compaunds, |
---|
764 | // Nucl. Inst. & Meth. in Phys. Res. B35 (1988) 215-228. |
---|
765 | |
---|
766 | G4double gamma = 1.0 + kineticEnergy/proton_mass_c2 ; |
---|
767 | G4double gamma25 = 1.0 + 25.0*keV /proton_mass_c2 ; |
---|
768 | G4double gamma125 = 1.0 + 125.0*keV/proton_mass_c2 ; |
---|
769 | G4double beta = sqrt(1.0 - 1.0/(gamma*gamma)) ; |
---|
770 | G4double beta25 = sqrt(1.0 - 1.0/(gamma25*gamma25)) ; |
---|
771 | G4double beta125 = sqrt(1.0 - 1.0/(gamma125*gamma125)) ; |
---|
772 | |
---|
773 | G4double factor = 1.0 + (expStopPower125/eloss125 - 1.0) * |
---|
774 | (1.0 + exp( 1.48 * ( beta125/beta25 - 7.0 ) ) ) / |
---|
775 | (1.0 + exp( 1.48 * ( beta/beta25 - 7.0 ) ) ) ; |
---|
776 | |
---|
777 | return factor ; |
---|
778 | } |
---|
779 | |
---|
780 | //....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo...... |
---|
781 | |
---|