| 1 | <html> |
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| 2 | <head> |
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| 3 | <title>The Settings Scheme</title> |
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| 4 | <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="pythia.css"/> |
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| 5 | <link rel="shortcut icon" href="pythia32.gif"/> |
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| 6 | </head> |
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| 7 | <body> |
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| 8 | |
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| 9 | <h2>The Settings Scheme</h2> |
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| 10 | |
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| 11 | The <code>Settings</code> class keeps track of all the flags, modes, |
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| 12 | parameters and words used during the event generation. As such, it |
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| 13 | serves all the <code>Pythia</code> program elements from one central |
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| 14 | repository. Accessing it allows the user to modify the generator |
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| 15 | behaviour. |
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| 16 | |
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| 17 | <p/> |
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| 18 | Each <code>Pythia</code> object has a public member <code>settings</code> |
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| 19 | of the <code>Settings</code> class. Therefore you access the |
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| 20 | settings methods as <code>pythia.settings.command(argument)</code>, |
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| 21 | assuming that <code>pythia</code> is an instance of the <code>Pythia</code> |
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| 22 | class. Further, for the most frequent user tasks, <code>Pythia</code> |
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| 23 | methods have been defined, so that <code>pythia.command(argument)</code> |
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| 24 | would work, see further below. |
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| 25 | |
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| 26 | <p/> |
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| 27 | The central section on this page is the Operation one. The preceding |
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| 28 | concepts section is there mainly to introduce the basic structure and |
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| 29 | the set of properties that can be accessed. The subsequent sections |
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| 30 | provide a complete listing of the existing public methods, which most |
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| 31 | users probably will have little interaction with. |
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| 32 | |
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| 33 | <h3>Concepts</h3> |
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| 34 | |
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| 35 | We distinguish four kinds of user-modifiable variables, by the way |
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| 36 | they have to be stored: |
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| 37 | <ol> |
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| 38 | <li>Flags are on/off switches, and are stored as <code>bool</code>.</li> |
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| 39 | <li>Modes corresponds to a finite enumeration of separate options, |
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| 40 | and are stored as <code>int</code>.</li> |
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| 41 | <li>Parameters take a continuum of values, and are stored as |
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| 42 | <code>double</code>. The shorthand notation parm is used in the C++ |
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| 43 | code and XML tags, so that all four kinds are represented by |
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| 44 | four-letter type names.</li> |
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| 45 | <li>Words are simple character strings and are stored as |
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| 46 | <code>string</code>. No blanks or double quotation marks (") may |
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| 47 | appear inside a word, the former to simplify parsing of an input file |
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| 48 | and the latter not to cause conflicts with XML attribute delimiters. |
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| 49 | Currently the main application is to store file names.</li> |
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| 50 | </ol> |
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| 51 | |
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| 52 | <p/> |
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| 53 | In general, each variable stored in <code>Settings</code> is associated |
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| 54 | with four kinds of information: |
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| 55 | <ul> |
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| 56 | <li>The variable name, of the form <code>class:name</code> |
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| 57 | (or <code>file:name</code>, usually these agree), e.g. |
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| 58 | <code>TimeShower:pTmin</code>. The class/file part usually identifies |
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| 59 | the <code>.xml</code> file where the variable is defined, and the part of |
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| 60 | the program where it is used, but such a connection cannot be strictly |
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| 61 | upheld, since e.g. the same variable may be used in a few different |
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| 62 | cases (even if most of them are not).</li> |
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| 63 | <li>The default value, set in the original declaration, and intended |
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| 64 | to represent a reasonable choice.</li> |
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| 65 | <li>The current value, which differs from the default when the user so |
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| 66 | requests.</li> |
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| 67 | <li>An allowed range of values, represented by meaningful |
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| 68 | minimum and maximum values. This has no sense for a <code>flag</code> |
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| 69 | or a <code>word</code> (and is not used there), is usually rather |
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| 70 | well-defined for a <code>mode</code>, but less so for a <code>parm</code>. |
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| 71 | Often the allowed range exaggerates the degree of our current knowledge, |
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| 72 | so as not to restrict too much what the user can do. One may choose |
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| 73 | not to set the lower or upper limit, in which case the range is |
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| 74 | open-ended.</li> |
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| 75 | </ul> |
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| 76 | |
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| 77 | <p/> |
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| 78 | Technically, the <code>Settings</code> class is implemented with the |
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| 79 | help of four separate maps, one for each kind of variable, with the |
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| 80 | variable <code>name</code> used as key. |
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| 81 | |
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| 82 | <h3>Operation</h3> |
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| 83 | |
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| 84 | The normal flow of setting values is: |
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| 85 | |
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| 86 | <ol> |
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| 87 | |
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| 88 | <p/> <li> |
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| 89 | When a <code>Pythia</code> object <code>pythia </code>is created, |
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| 90 | the member <code>pythia.settings</code> is asked to scan the files |
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| 91 | listed in the <code>Index.xml</code> file in the <code>xmldoc</code> |
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| 92 | subdirectory. |
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| 93 | |
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| 94 | <p/> |
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| 95 | In all of the files scanned, lines beginning with |
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| 96 | <code><flag</code>, <code><mode</code>, <code><parm</code> |
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| 97 | or <code><word</code> are identified, and the information on |
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| 98 | such a line is used to define a new flag, mode, parameter or word. |
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| 99 | To exemplify, consider a line |
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| 100 | <pre> |
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| 101 | <parm name="TimeShower:pTmin" default="0.5" min="0.1" max="2.0"> |
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| 102 | </pre> |
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| 103 | which appears in the <code>TimeShower.xml</code> file, and there |
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| 104 | defines a parameter <code>TimeShower:pTmin</code> with default value |
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| 105 | 0.5 GeV and allowed variation in the range 0.1 - 2.0 GeV. The min |
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| 106 | and max values are optional. |
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| 107 | <br/><b>Important:</b> the values in the <code>.xml</code> files should |
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| 108 | not be changed, except by the PYTHIA authors. Any changes should be |
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| 109 | done with the help of the methods described below. |
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| 110 | </li> |
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| 111 | |
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| 112 | <p/> <li> |
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| 113 | Between the creation of the <code>Pythia</code> object and the |
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| 114 | <code>init</code> call for it, you may use several alternative |
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| 115 | methods to modify some of the default values. The same variable |
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| 116 | can be changed several times. If so, it is the last read value |
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| 117 | that counts. The two special |
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| 118 | <code><a href="Tunes.html" target="page">Tune:ee</a></code> and |
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| 119 | <code><a href="Tunes.html" target="page">Tune:pp</a></code> |
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| 120 | modes are expanded to change several settings in one go, but these obey |
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| 121 | the same ordering rules. |
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| 122 | |
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| 123 | <p/> |
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| 124 | a) Inside your main program you can directly set values with |
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| 125 | <pre> |
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| 126 | pythia.readString(string) |
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| 127 | </pre> |
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| 128 | where both the variable name and the value are contained inside |
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| 129 | the character string, separated by blanks and/or a =, e.g. |
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| 130 | <pre> |
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| 131 | pythia.readString("TimeShower:pTmin = 1.0"); |
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| 132 | </pre> |
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| 133 | The match of the name to the database is case-insensitive. Names |
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| 134 | that do not match an existing variable are ignored. A warning is |
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| 135 | printed, however. Strings beginning with a non-alphanumeric character, |
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| 136 | like # or !, are assumed to be comments and are not processed at all. |
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| 137 | Values below the minimum or above the maximum are set at |
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| 138 | the respective border. For <code>bool</code> values, the following |
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| 139 | notation may be used interchangeably: |
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| 140 | <code>true = on = yes = ok = 1</code>, while everything else gives |
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| 141 | <code>false</code> (including but not limited to |
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| 142 | <code>false</code>, <code>off</code>, <code>no</code> and 0).<br/> |
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| 143 | |
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| 144 | <p/> |
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| 145 | b) The <code>Pythia</code> <code>readString(string)</code> method |
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| 146 | actually does not do changes itself, but sends on the string either |
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| 147 | to the <code>Settings</code> class or to <code>ParticleData</code>. |
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| 148 | The former holds if the string begins with a letter, the latter |
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| 149 | if it begins with a digit. If desired, it is possible to communicate |
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| 150 | directly with the corresponding <code>Settings</code> method: |
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| 151 | <pre> |
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| 152 | pythia.settings.readString("TimeShower:pTmin = 1.0"); |
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| 153 | </pre> |
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| 154 | In this case, changes intended for <code>ParticleData</code> |
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| 155 | would not be understood. |
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| 156 | |
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| 157 | <p/> |
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| 158 | c) Underlying the <code>settings.readString(string)</code> method are |
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| 159 | the settings-type-sensitive commands in the <code>Settings</code>, that |
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| 160 | are split by names containing <code>flag</code>, <code>mode</code>, |
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| 161 | <code>parm</code> or <code>word</code>. Thus, the example now reads |
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| 162 | <pre> |
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| 163 | pythia.settings.parm("TimeShower:pTmin", 1.0); |
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| 164 | </pre> |
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| 165 | Such a form could be convenient e.g. if a parameter is calculated |
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| 166 | at the beginning of the main program, and thus is available as a |
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| 167 | variable rather than as a character string. |
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| 168 | Note that Boolean values must here be given as <code>true</code> or |
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| 169 | <code>false</code> i.e. there is less flexibility than with the |
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| 170 | previous methods. |
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| 171 | |
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| 172 | <p/> |
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| 173 | At the same level, there are several different methods available. |
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| 174 | These are included in the full description below, but normally the user |
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| 175 | should have no need for them. |
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| 176 | |
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| 177 | <p/> |
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| 178 | d) A simpler and more useful way is to collect all your changes |
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| 179 | in a separate file, with one line per change, e.g. |
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| 180 | <pre> |
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| 181 | TimeShower:pTmin = 1.0 |
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| 182 | </pre> |
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| 183 | Each line is read in as a string and processed with the methods already |
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| 184 | introduced. |
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| 185 | |
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| 186 | The file can be read by the |
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| 187 | <pre> |
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| 188 | pythia.readFile(fileName); |
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| 189 | </pre> |
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| 190 | method (or an <code>istream</code> instead of a <code>fileName</code>). |
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| 191 | The file can freely mix commands to the <code>Settings</code> and |
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| 192 | <code>ParticleData</code> classes, and so is preferable. Lines with |
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| 193 | settings are handled by calls to the |
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| 194 | <code>pythia.settings.readString(string)</code> method. |
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| 195 | </li> |
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| 196 | |
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| 197 | <p/> <li> |
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| 198 | In the <code>pythia.init(...)</code> call, many of the various other program |
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| 199 | elements are initialized, making use of the current values in the database. |
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| 200 | Once initialized, the common <code>Settings</code> database is likely not |
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| 201 | consulted again by these routines. It is therefore not productive to do |
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| 202 | further changes in mid-run: at best nothing changes, at worst you may |
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| 203 | set up inconsistencies. |
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| 204 | |
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| 205 | <p/> |
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| 206 | A routine <code>reInit(fileName)</code> is provided, and can be used to |
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| 207 | zero all the maps and reinitialize them from scratch. Such a call might be |
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| 208 | useful if several subruns are to be made with widely different parameter |
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| 209 | sets - normally the maps are only built from scratch once, namely when the |
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| 210 | <code>Pythia()</code> object is created. A more economical alternative is |
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| 211 | offered by <code>resetAll()</code>, however, which sets all variables back |
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| 212 | to their default values. |
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| 213 | </li> |
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| 214 | |
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| 215 | <p/> <li> |
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| 216 | You may at any time obtain a listing of all variables in the |
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| 217 | database by calling |
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| 218 | <pre> |
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| 219 | pythia.settings.listAll(); |
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| 220 | </pre> |
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| 221 | The listing is strictly alphabetical, which at least means that names |
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| 222 | from the same file are kept together, but otherwise may not be so |
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| 223 | well-structured: important and unimportant ones will appear mixed. |
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| 224 | A more relevant alternative is |
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| 225 | <pre> |
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| 226 | pythia.settings.listChanged(); |
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| 227 | </pre> |
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| 228 | where you will only get those variables that differ from their |
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| 229 | defaults. Or you can use |
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| 230 | <pre> |
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| 231 | pythia.settings.list("string"); |
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| 232 | </pre> |
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| 233 | where only those variables with names that contain the string |
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| 234 | (case-insensitive match) are listed. Thus, with a string |
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| 235 | <code>shower</code>, the shower-related variables would be shown. |
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| 236 | </li> |
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| 237 | |
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| 238 | <p/> <li> |
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| 239 | The above listings are in a tabular form that cannot be read |
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| 240 | back in. Assuming you want to save all changed settings (maybe because |
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| 241 | you read in changes from several files), you can do that by calling |
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| 242 | <pre> |
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| 243 | pythia.settings.writeFile(fileName); |
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| 244 | </pre> |
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| 245 | This file could then directly be read in by |
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| 246 | <code>readFile(fileName)</code> in a subsequent (identical) run. |
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| 247 | Some variants of this command are listed below. |
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| 248 | </li> |
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| 249 | </ol> |
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| 250 | |
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| 251 | <h3>Methods</h3> |
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| 252 | |
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| 253 | The complete list of methods and arguments is as follows. Most of the |
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| 254 | ones of interest to the user have already been mentioned above. |
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| 255 | Others can be used, but the same functionality is better achieved |
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| 256 | by higher-level routines. Some are part of the internal machinery, |
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| 257 | and should not be touched by user. |
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| 258 | |
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| 259 | <p/> |
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| 260 | Note that there is no <code>Settings::readFile(...)</code> method. |
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| 261 | The intention is that you should use <code>Pythia::readFile(...)</code>. |
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| 262 | It parses and decides which individual lines should be sent on to |
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| 263 | <code>Settings::readString(...)</code>. |
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| 264 | |
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| 265 | <a name="method1"></a> |
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| 266 | <p/><strong>Settings::Settings() </strong> <br/> |
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| 267 | the constructor, which takes no arguments. Internal. |
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| 268 | |
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| 269 | |
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| 270 | <a name="method2"></a> |
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| 271 | <p/><strong>bool Settings::initPtr(Info* infoPtrIn) </strong> <br/> |
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| 272 | initialize pointer to error-message database. Internal. |
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| 273 | |
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| 274 | |
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| 275 | <a name="method3"></a> |
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| 276 | <p/><strong>bool Settings::init(string startFile = "../xmldoc/Index.xml", bool append = false, ostream& os = cout) </strong> <br/> |
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| 277 | read in the settings database. |
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| 278 | <br/><code>argument</code><strong> startFile </strong> (<code>default = <strong>"../xmldoc/Index.xml"</strong></code>) : |
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| 279 | read in the settings from all the files listed in this file, and |
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| 280 | assumed to be located in the same subdirectory. |
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| 281 | |
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| 282 | <br/><code>argument</code><strong> append </strong> (<code>default = <strong>false</strong></code>) : |
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| 283 | By default nothing is done if the method has already been called once. |
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| 284 | If true the further settings read in are added to the current database. |
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| 285 | |
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| 286 | <br/><code>argument</code><strong> os </strong> (<code>default = <strong>cout</strong></code>) : |
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| 287 | stream for error printout. |
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| 288 | |
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| 289 | <br/><b>Note:</b> The method returns false if it fails. |
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| 290 | |
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| 291 | |
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| 292 | <a name="method4"></a> |
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| 293 | <p/><strong>bool Settings::reInit(string startFile = "../xmldoc/Index.xml", ostream& os = cout) </strong> <br/> |
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| 294 | overwrite the existing database. |
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| 295 | <br/><code>argument</code><strong> startFile </strong> (<code>default = <strong>"../xmldoc/Index.xml"</strong></code>) : |
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| 296 | read in the settings from all the files listed in this file, and |
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| 297 | assumed to be located in the same subdirectory. |
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| 298 | |
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| 299 | <br/><code>argument</code><strong> os </strong> (<code>default = <strong>cout</strong></code>) : |
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| 300 | stream for error printout. |
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| 301 | |
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| 302 | <br/><b>Note:</b> The method returns false if it fails. |
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| 303 | |
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| 304 | |
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| 305 | <a name="method5"></a> |
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| 306 | <p/><strong>bool Settings::readString(string line, bool warn = true, ostream& os = cout) </strong> <br/> |
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| 307 | read in a string, and change the relevant quantity in the database. |
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| 308 | It is normally used indirectly, via |
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| 309 | <code>Pythia::readString(...)</code> and |
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| 310 | <code>Pythia::readFile(...)</code>. |
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| 311 | <br/><code>argument</code><strong> line </strong> : |
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| 312 | the string to be interpreted as an instruction. |
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| 313 | |
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| 314 | <br/><code>argument</code><strong> warn </strong> (<code>default = <strong>true</strong></code>) : |
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| 315 | write a warning message or not whenever the instruction does not make |
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| 316 | sense, e.g. if the variable does not exist in the databases. |
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| 317 | |
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| 318 | <br/><code>argument</code><strong> os </strong> (<code>default = <strong>cout</strong></code>) : |
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| 319 | stream for error printout. |
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| 320 | |
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| 321 | <br/><b>Note:</b> the method returns false if it fails to |
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| 322 | make sense out of the input string. |
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| 323 | |
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| 324 | |
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| 325 | <a name="method6"></a> |
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| 326 | <p/><strong>bool Settings::writeFile(string toFile, bool writeAll = false) </strong> <br/> |
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| 327 | |
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| 328 | <strong>bool Settings::writeFile(ostream& os = cout, bool writeAll = false) </strong> <br/> |
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| 329 | write current settings to a file or to an <code>ostream</code>. |
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| 330 | <br/><code>argument</code><strong> toFile, os </strong> : |
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| 331 | file or stream on which settings are written. |
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| 332 | |
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| 333 | <br/><code>argument</code><strong> writeAll </strong> (<code>default = <strong>false</strong></code>) : |
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| 334 | normally only settings that have been changed are written, |
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| 335 | but if true then all settings are output. |
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| 336 | |
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| 337 | <br/><b>Note:</b> the method returns false if it fails. |
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| 338 | |
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| 339 | |
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| 340 | <a name="method7"></a> |
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| 341 | <p/><strong>void Settings::listAll(ostream& os = cout) </strong> <br/> |
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| 342 | |
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| 343 | <strong>void Settings::listChanged(ostream& os = cout) </strong> <br/> |
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| 344 | |
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| 345 | <strong>void Settings::list(string match, ostream& os = cout) </strong> <br/> |
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| 346 | list all or changed settings, or a group of them. |
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| 347 | <br/><code>argument</code><strong> match </strong> : |
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| 348 | list all those settings where the name contains |
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| 349 | the <code>match</code> (sub)string (case-insensitive). |
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| 350 | |
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| 351 | <br/><code>argument</code><strong> os </strong> (<code>default = <strong>cout</strong></code>) : |
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| 352 | output stream for the listing. |
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| 353 | |
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| 354 | |
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| 355 | |
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| 356 | <a name="method8"></a> |
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| 357 | <p/><strong>void Settings::resetAll() </strong> <br/> |
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| 358 | reset all current values to their defaults. |
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| 359 | |
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| 360 | |
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| 361 | <a name="method9"></a> |
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| 362 | <p/><strong>bool Settings::isFlag(string key) </strong> <br/> |
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| 363 | |
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| 364 | <strong>bool Settings::isMode(string key) </strong> <br/> |
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| 365 | |
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| 366 | <strong>bool Settings::isParm(string key) </strong> <br/> |
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| 367 | |
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| 368 | <strong>bool Settings::isWord(string key) </strong> <br/> |
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| 369 | return true if an entry of the given name and kind |
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| 370 | exists, else false. |
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| 371 | |
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| 372 | |
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| 373 | <a name="method10"></a> |
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| 374 | <p/><strong>void Settings::addFlag(string key, bool default) </strong> <br/> |
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| 375 | |
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| 376 | <strong>void Settings::addMode(string key, int default, bool hasMin, bool hasMax, int min, int max) </strong> <br/> |
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| 377 | |
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| 378 | <strong>void Settings::addParm(string key, double default, bool hasMin, bool hasMax, double min, double max) </strong> <br/> |
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| 379 | |
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| 380 | <strong>void Settings::addWord(string key, string default) </strong> <br/> |
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| 381 | add an entry of the respective kind to the database. The name and default |
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| 382 | value always has to be supplied, for <code>Mode</code> and |
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| 383 | <code>Word</code> additionally if lower and/or upper limits are to be |
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| 384 | imposed and, if so, what those limit are. |
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| 385 | |
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| 386 | |
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| 387 | <a name="method11"></a> |
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| 388 | <p/><strong>bool Settings::flag(string key) </strong> <br/> |
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| 389 | |
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| 390 | <strong>int Settings::mode(string key) </strong> <br/> |
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| 391 | |
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| 392 | <strong>double Settings::parm(string key) </strong> <br/> |
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| 393 | |
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| 394 | <strong>string Settings::word(string key) </strong> <br/> |
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| 395 | return the current value of the respective setting. If the name |
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| 396 | does not exist in the database, a value <code>false</code>, |
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| 397 | <code>0</code>, <code>0.</code> and <code>" "</code> |
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| 398 | is returned, respectively. |
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| 399 | |
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| 400 | |
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| 401 | <a name="method12"></a> |
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| 402 | <p/><strong>map<string, Flag> Settings::getFlagMap(string match) </strong> <br/> |
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| 403 | |
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| 404 | <strong>map<string, Mode> Settings::getModeMap(string match) </strong> <br/> |
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| 405 | |
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| 406 | <strong>map<string, Parm> Settings::getParmMap(string match) </strong> <br/> |
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| 407 | |
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| 408 | <strong>map<string, Word> Settings::getWordMap(string match) </strong> <br/> |
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| 409 | return a map of all settings of the respective type that contain the |
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| 410 | string "match" in its name. |
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| 411 | |
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| 412 | |
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| 413 | <a name="method13"></a> |
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| 414 | <p/><strong>void Settings::flag(string key, bool now) </strong> <br/> |
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| 415 | |
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| 416 | <strong>void Settings::mode(string key, int now) </strong> <br/> |
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| 417 | |
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| 418 | <strong>void Settings::parm(string key, double now) </strong> <br/> |
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| 419 | |
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| 420 | <strong>void Settings::word(string key, string now) </strong> <br/> |
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| 421 | change the current value of the respective setting to the provided |
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| 422 | new value. If lower or upper limits have been set, input values |
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| 423 | outside the allowed range are reinterpreted as being a the nearest |
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| 424 | limit. |
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| 425 | |
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| 426 | |
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| 427 | <a name="method14"></a> |
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| 428 | <p/><strong>void Settings::forceMode(string key, int now) </strong> <br/> |
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| 429 | |
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| 430 | <strong>void Settings::forceParm(string key, double now) </strong> <br/> |
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| 431 | as above, but do not check lower and upper limits, so that the current |
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| 432 | value can be put outside the intended borders. |
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| 433 | |
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| 434 | |
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| 435 | <a name="method15"></a> |
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| 436 | <p/><strong>void Settings::resetFlag(string key) </strong> <br/> |
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| 437 | |
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| 438 | <strong>void Settings::resetMode(string key) </strong> <br/> |
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| 439 | |
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| 440 | <strong>void Settings::resetParm(string key) </strong> <br/> |
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| 441 | |
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| 442 | <strong>void Settings::resetWord(string key) </strong> <br/> |
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| 443 | reset the current value to the default one. |
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| 444 | |
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| 445 | |
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| 446 | </body> |
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| 447 | </html> |
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| 448 | |
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| 449 | <!-- Copyright (C) 2012 Torbjorn Sjostrand --> |
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