Description of the
N3 Activity
The recent
discovery of ν transitions, by experiments in SuperKamiokande and Kamland
(Japan), SNO (Canada) and others, is one of the most important results in
physics in the last ten years and has generated considerable interest
worldwide. It indicates the existence, at extremely high energy, of new
phenomena that are well beyond the established Standard Model of particle
physics. Nevertheless, much remains to be discovered about ν oscillations,
including the existence of leptonic CP violation, which is required in the most
satisfying explanation so far of the existence of matter (and not of
anti-matter) in the universe. This domain of physics cannot be experimentally
tested at accelerators at the energy frontier (LHC and possible linear
collider) and requires dedicated ν beams.
The present European experimental programme (CNGS, CERN ν beam
to Gran Sasso) aims at validating the existing results and will begin data
taking in 2006. To go beyond and fully exploit the physics potential of ν
oscillations requires the realization of one or more new ν facilities,
with higher beam power, better defined spectrum and flavour composition,
allowing experiments with higher statistics and reduced systematic errors, in
optimal conditions of beam energy and distance from the source.
1.1
Description and objectives of the activity
The aim of BENE
is to coordinate and integrate the activities of the accelerator and particle
physics communities working together to establish a short and long term program
in the sector of ν physics. In the short term, improvements of
performances of the approved program CNGS facility will be vigorously
investigated. For the longer term, Muon Study Groups, endorsed by ECFA, have been active since 1998. Contacts have
been established between laboratories and universities around Europe with the
goal of preparing and carrying out the R&D
and studies necessary to propose the next major ν facility by the time of
the start-up of LHC. The three
facilities presently considered are
i)
a
super-conventional muon-ν beam (Superbeam) of the CNGS
type, using a new high power proton accelerator
ii)
a Neutrino
Factory, in which the ν’s are produced by the decay of muons in a
storage ring. This facility promises to be the ultimate tool for studying
neutrino oscillations;
iii)
a Beta
beam, in which electron-ν’s come from the decay of radioactive nuclei
in a storage ring.
It would be important to compare the physics
reach of these approaches and the rapid evolution of the field should be
closely monitored. The
synergies of each approach with other domains of particle and nuclear physics
will also be carefully investigated. The final
objectives are
q
to establish an agreed road map intended to upgrade the current CNGS
facility and for the design and construction of new ones
q
to assemble a community capable of sustaining the technical realisation
and scientific exploitation of these facilities
q to foster a sequence of prioritized and coordinated initiatives capable to establish, propose and execute the new
collaborative R&D efforts necessary to achieve these goals. This requires
excellent coordination between accelerator and particle physicists.
The objective of BENE is to create a strong, tight
network of particle and accelerator physicists to co-ordinate and prioritize
the studies on these new facilities, leading to a comparison of the
technologies, costs, risk, and physics results in order to build a coherent
programme to study ν oscillations in Europe.
The programme will be carried out by five working
groups or packages (WPs). They are subdived in three
categories of priority in funding requests (WP1, WP2,3,4 and WP5). We
list below their specific objectives:
1)
Physics
demands on n accelerator facilities (M Mezzetto, INFN Padova, check also
table 1.2a-PHYSICS) will aim
at establishing the widest consensus on physics requirements and on the ultimate
scientific reach of the CNGS, of each of the future option (Superbeam, NuFact,
Betabeam) and of
combinations of them, in terms of beam energy, baseline, beam structure,
composition, flux and minimization of systematic errors. Νeutrino oscillation will be the core of the WP
interests, but other fundamental physics will also receive proper attention. We assign to WP1 the strategically HIGHEST priority.
While
WP1 must explore as completely as possible the comparative physics merits of
the 3 types of facilities above, priority in technical investigations should be
given first of all to WP2 (and to the HIPPI JRA that appears strategically
decisive in that sector). The key ingredient of any superior neutrino beam is the realization
of a new proton driver. A new DRIVER can make more proton power
available to the CNGS and make possible on a short timescale a new superior
conventional neutrino Superbeam EU facility.
2) High Power proton drivers (P. Debu, CEA) will
compare the merits of SuperConducting
Proton Linacs and Rapid Cycling Synchrotron and will propose a choice,
based also on the HARP data presently being analysed. It will evaluate approaches to intense H-
ion sources, fast beam choppers, (hybrid) drift tube linacs, coupled cavities,
side coupled linacs, low b SC structures and RF systems, in close connection with the
HIPPI JRA. See also table 1.2b-DRIVER.
In
order to really profit of higher power, however, progress in the WP3 and WP4
sectors is decisive and shares the same VERY HIGH priority.
3) High power targets (R.Bennett,CCLRC), will
examine the various solutions (molten metal jet, multiple helium cooled
granular targets and rotating metal bands) being proposed for the severe, and
as yet unsolved, problems experienced by a multi-MW target station involving
extremes of pulsed heating, high radiation levels and mechanical stress from thermal shock waves. It will finally aim
at selecting one or a few agreed viable solutions. See also table 1.2c- TARGET.
The experience of those involved with similar problems of targets for pulsed
spallation neutron sources and radioactive beam facilities will be drawn upon.
An integrated design is required involving the surrounding pieces of equipment,
including the collector and the beam dump. The problems of safety, radioactive
disposal remote handling and maintenance are also to be addressed.
4) High power collection systems (J. E.
Campagne, CNRS-IN2P3-Orsay), will assess the unprecedented
challenges of thermo-mechanical stresses and fatigue and of
radiation damage affecting an integrated target-collection devices operating in
a MW power beam. In the case of magnetic horns, the new extra challenge posed
by high repetition rate of electrical discharge will also require careful
attention. The WP will aim at defining an optimal integrated target
&collection system, in close collaboration with WP3. See also table
1.2d-COLLECTOR.
The goals of WP1
and WP2-3-4 must be ambitious and wide. We envisage therefore that for the
longer term and technically more challenging goals of WP1-2-3-4 we will have to
apply for additional resources well beyond BENE, including EC funds for design
studies and technical preparatory work . This applies even
stronger, almost entirely, to the work of WP5 that, within BENE, can only be
seminal. This WP5
5) Novel
Neutrino Beams, as indicated in the chart below, should be seen as three
sub-WP’s of a general package devoted to longer term aspects to 1) collection
and dissemination of knowledge 2) promotion of the further initiatives and
funding prospects indeed capable to cope with the scopes listed below, clearly
no less ambitious and challenging. It comprises 3 areas of interest. See also
table 1.2e-NOVEL NEUTRINO BEAMS
a) NuFact
front-end (MUFRONT, R.
Edgecock, CCLRC) will focus specifically on the muon beam, produced from the
solenoidal p decay channel. This should include phase rotation and preparation to acceleration.
Emittance reduction, via specific m ionization cooling schemes, including the
option of cooling rings, should be its main
focus, Cooling free schemes should also be
carefully examined. The WP should assess the results of the
MICE experiment, rate the different schemes and
produce a proper road map, proposing further R&D if necessary, towards the
complete design of the frontend of a NuFact complex.
b) NuFact
acceleration and storage (MUEND,
F. Meot, CEA) should focus in detail on the
options for muon acceleration and storage. It should
compare the optical, acceleration and transmission properties of Recirculating
Linac and Fixed
Field Alternating Gradient accelerators in terms of muon intensity and energy. It should
devote special attention to the key components, magnets and RF
cavities, and to the engineering constraints of a non-horizontal ring serving
two far detector locations at different distance. It should propose a
choice of scheme based on performances, technical and economic aspects.
c) Beta-beams
(BETABEAM, M. Lindroos, CERN) aiming to produce a road-map for
both a high and a low energy beta-beam facility in Europe. It should will serve as an orientation and information
forum for a full scale betabeam design study. Comparative studies should focus on assessing results from several
technical tests of critical components in the betabeam scheme that are planned
at existing facilities. Benefits to existing facilities are also expected (like
better yield at radioactive ions facilities or better understanding of beam
manipulations for the LHC ion programme).
We rate the priority of WP5 as TIMELY.
Techniques are highly novel and the process of accumulating the necessary
irreplaceable experience will be long and should begin without delay.
1.2
Outcome and deliverables of BENE
The network is
expected to produce four main outcomes:
q 
A global Roadmap specifying the optimum ν oscillation programme
for Europe and the path to design and construction of the superior ν
facilities required.
q Documents (technical reports, articles, proceedings of workshops and
meetings, Web Sites) and tools (databases, repositories of simulation and
design code and more) providing technical knowledge about the design and
realization of the ν facilities and their physics reach.
q
Proposals of R&D and technical preparatory work to be performed to
verify that the facilities can indeed be built. Each proposal, addressed to a
host European Lab, will include the assembly of the necessary human and
material resources (collaboration).
q
Dissemination of special know-how and advanced accelerator concepts linked
with neutrino activities to a large community in Europe.
Europe will host the International NuFact
Workshop in 2005 and 2008. These dates
are considered to be milestones for the BENE programme:
NuFact05 (late Spring 2005): a complete interim plenary
report, accompanied by interim parallel reports from WP's, will be presented to
the Workshop and will conclude the phase of preliminary comparative studies and
define a first set of parameters agreed as input for conceptual design work.
NuFact08 (late Spring 2008): a draft of our complete final
plenary report, accompanied by reports from WP's, will be submitted for a
final six month scrutiny from the community. It will contain our final
scientific and technical "roadmap" recommendations towards final
detailed technical design, assessing the R&D and preparatory work in
progress and providing further indications, if appropriate.
A
more detailed set of tasks, deliverables and milestones, concerning BENE in
general, is given in table 1.2 and those specific of each WP are
given in tables 1.2a-e.
1.3 Benefits for the
scientific community and the participants.
Such a coherent and coordinated European
program on ν beams will involve
the large majority of the European experts in the field.
q 
It will bring an unprecedented
collaboration between accelerator and particle physicists.
q It will provide the critical mass necessary
to develop an attractive and ambitious program allowing
in due course to design and construct cutting-edge infrastructures.
q It will thus strengthen the European role
in this sector.
q The expertise and skills of each
participant will be enhanced by the contact with worldwide experts and improved
communication.
q Dissemination of knowledge will be one of
BENE’s main concerns. We plan to apply for a Marie
Curie fellowship for a postdoc who, in addition to participating to the
BENE studies, would be in charge of:
w the centralization, maintenance, upgrade
and distribution of common simulation software
w the development of the BENE Website,
w including the management of the BENE
documentation.
The knowledge will be shared
through active participation to international worldwide conferences and
workshops
Very limited resources are presently available in
Europe for ν initiatives, due to
the difficulties of LHC funding. The EC support requested here would add
decisive value in view of the strategic goal of producing a timely European
initiative and worldwide leadership in the fundamental area of ν science.
1.4 Measuring the impact and success of BENE
Appropriate ways and parameters to monitor the impact
of N3 could be the number of
1)
participants to Muon Weeks and BENE
Workshop
2)
documents and
tools produced
3)
new
collaborations among participants
4)
novel
ideas proposed to improve
operation and performance of existing infrastructures
and of R&D
5)
design
study proposals generated in BENE.
6)
Approval
of each proposal by a host laboratory will require the favourable assessments of a peer review panel and
will provide direct evidence of the network impact.
7)
The
number of quotations of BENE documents will probably be a useful monitor of the
success of the Network.
2. Participants and expertise
in the Network (see Tables 2a, 2b, 2c)
The 13 contracting participants and the 52
associated institutes to this network are listed in Table 2a. The participating
and associated institutes represent 13 countries (plus the international
laboratory CERN). Table 2b shows to which work package the BENE partners
contribute and Table 2c the laboratory expertise and interests in the BENE
network activities.
3. Justification of financial
requests
The next table summarizes the
events foreseen during the duration of BENE. To achieve the goals of the network, its members will meet up to three times per year. Two joint BENE-ECFA Muon
Weeks will take place every year and a third general BENE workshop will occur
in the framework of a larger general yearly CARE meeting. The meeting of the
different Work Packages will be imbedded in theses 3 meetings optimizing the
interactions amongst the participants. In addition, seven specific topical
workshops are foreseen during the 5 year program of CARE.
BENE events including the ones where EU funding is requested
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BENE Timetable of events
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2004
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2005
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2006
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2007
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2008
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BENE/ECFA Muon Week
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CARE
(& BENE) Week
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Topical BENE Worskshops
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PHYSICS
Workshops
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MUFRONT
Workshop
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Joint
Workshop of WP5 and WP6
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BETABEAM
Workshops
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Financial support from
EC is requested only for participation to the yearly general CARE meeting and
to the PHYSICS Workshops. This applies, to some extent, to all WP’s: WP5 will
so interface with BENE and CARE at least once per year. We aim at obtaining, from our participating institutes, the additional resources permitting meetings of WP1-2-3-4 during the 2 other BENE-ECFA Weeks and
meetings of WP5a-b-c during 1 of them, within the limited available financial resources for ν
initiative in Europe until the start of LHC. Beyond that, we trust that we
will be able to generate further initiatives. Both
the number of activities to review and our resources will increase, thus
justifying and supporting enhanced participation of all WP’s to up to 3 yearly
events and to the other topical workshops.
To ensure proper management of the network, the BENE coordinator and
the Work package coordinators will be attributed a reserve for their own
additional travel needs and also to allow them to invite worldwide experts
during the BENE workshops. This latter point will also serve to keep a close
contact with similar worldwide activities. Finally as stated in section 1.2, a CERN-based postdoc for 3
years is requested.
We summarize the breakdown of the expected total budget of 1256 k€ in the following table and more detail can be
found in the table 3 at the end of the BENE proposal.
Breakdown of the estimated
total budget
|
Type of meetings
|
Number of persons
|
Number of meeting during the 5 years
|
Estimated cost (k€)
|
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BENE-ECFA muon weeks (support not
requested)
|
80
|
10
|
720
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|
General CARE meeting (support requested)
|
80
|
5
|
360
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PHYSICS topical workshops (support requested)
|
20
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2
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36
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Other topical workshops (support not requested)
|
20
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5
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90
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WP coordination+invitation of experts (support
requested)
|
1
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15+2+30+15
|
25
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|
BENE coordination+invitation of experts (support
requested)
|
1
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62
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25
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Expected total budget
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1256+CH
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Requested Total Funding
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446+CH
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Postdoc for common issues (support will be seeked elsewhere)
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1
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For 3 years
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200
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The requested funding from EU is about 446 k€. It
is worthwhile noting that participation to International conferences and
workshop is extremely important both for dissemination of knowledge and to keep
a strong link with non-EU collaborators, in particular in the perspective of a
worldwide neutrino facility. One can mention as examples the International
NuFact Workshop (relevant for all Work Packages), the International NBI
Workshop on Neutrino Beam Instrumentation (WP2 throu WP5) , the early
International FFAG Workshop (WP5a, WP5b), the International Conference on Neutrino
Physics (WP1 mostly, and all WP to some
extent), and the International Workshop on Weak Interactions & Neutrinos
(WP1 mostly, all WP to some extent). The funding for participating to these
events over 5 years is non-negligible. We estimate this to be about 500 k€ from our past experience. We
assume that the participating institutes to BENE will continue supporting also these expenses.
Management structure:
The network is
managed by the Coordinator, its deputy and the
work package coordinators forming the steering committee of the Network.
The BENE management team, their responsibilities, and the organisation are
shown in the following chart.
