Changeset 482
- Timestamp:
- Sep 10, 2009, 9:44:46 AM (15 years ago)
- File:
-
- 1 edited
Legend:
- Unmodified
- Added
- Removed
-
Selma/PARISROC/parisroc-jinst.tex
r478 r482 21 21 % 22 22 23 \author{S . Conforti$^a$, Second Author$^b$\thanks{Corresponding24 author.}~ and Third Author$^b$\\25 \llap{$^a$}Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire, IN2P3-CNRS, Université Paris-Sud 11,23 \author{Selma Conforti Di Lorenzo$^a$, J. E Campagne$^a$, Christophe De La Taille$^a$, Sebastien Drouet$^b$, Dominique Duchesneau$^c$, Frederic Dulucq$^a$, Nicolas Dumon-Dayot$^c$, Abdelmowafak El Berni$^a$, Alexandre Gallas$^a$, Bernard Genolini$^b$, Kael Hanson$^d$, Richard Hermel$^c$, Gisele Martin-Chassard$^a$, T. Nguyen Trung$^b$, Jean Peyré$^b$, Joël Pouthas$^b$, Emmanuel Rindel$^b$, Philippe Rosier$^b$, Jean Tassan Viol$^c$, Eric Wanlin$^b$, Wei Wei$^e$, Xiongbo Yan$^e$, Beng Yun Ki$^b$, A. Zghiche$^c$.\\ 24 \\ 25 \llap{$^a$}Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire,IN2P3-CNRS, Université Paris-Sud 11, 26 26 Bât. 200, 91898 Orsay Cedex, France\\ 27 \llap{$^b$}Name of Institute,\\ 28 Address, Country\\ 29 E-mail: \email{conforti@lal.in2p3.fr}} 27 \llap{$^b$}Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay, 28 IN2P3-CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 91406 Orsay Cedex, France\\ 29 \llap{$^c$}Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-vieux de Physique des Particules 30 IN2P3-CNRS,Université de Haute Savoie\\ 31 \llap{$^d$}Université Libre de Bruxelles, 32 Université d'Europe Bruxelles\\ 33 \llap{$^e$}IHEP, 34 Beijing, China\\ 35 36 E-mail: \email{conforti@lal.in2p3.fr}} 30 37 31 38 … … 35 42 PARISROC is a complete read 36 43 out chip, in AMS SiGe 0.35 \begin{math}\mu{}\end{math}m technology 37 \cite{ Genolini:2008uc}44 \cite{ref1} 38 45 %[1] 39 46 , for photomultipliers array. It allows triggerless acquisition for … … 42 49 PMm2: "`Innovative electronics for photodetectors array 43 50 used in High Energy Physics and Astroparticles"' 44 \cite{ PMm2Site:2006}51 \cite{ref2} 45 52 %[2] 46 53 (ref.ANR-06-BLAN-0186). The ASIC integrates 16 independent and auto … … 70 77 The PMm2 project: "`Innovative electronics for 71 78 photodetectors array used in High Energy Physics and 72 Astroparticles"' \cite{ PMm2Site:2006}79 Astroparticles"' \cite{ref2} 73 80 %[2] 74 81 proposes to segment the large surface of photodetection in macro 75 82 pixel consisting of an array of 16 photomultipliers connected to an 76 autonomous front-end electronics ( ) and powered by a common High83 autonomous front-end electronics (\refFig{fig:1}) and powered by a common High 77 84 Voltage. These large detectors are used in next generation proton decay 78 85 and neutrino experiment (i.e. the post-SuperKamiokande detectors as … … 81 88 data. The micro-electronics group's (OMEGA from the LAL at Orsay) 82 89 purpose is the front-end electronics conception and 83 realization. This R\&D \cite{ PMm2Site:2006}90 realization. This R\&D \cite{ref2} 84 91 %[2] 85 92 involves three French laboratories (LAL Orsay, LAPP Annecy, IPN … … 95 102 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 96 103 \begin{center} 97 \includegraphics[width=0. 7\columnwidth]{img1.jpg}104 \includegraphics[width=0.5\columnwidth,height=10cm]{img1.jpg} 98 105 \caption{Principal of PMm2 proposal for megaton scale Cerenkov water 99 106 tank.} … … 106 113 the next generation neutrino experiments will require a bigger surface 107 114 of photo detection and thus more photomultipliers. As a consequence the 108 total cost has an important relief \cite{Genolini:2008uc}. 115 total cost has an important relief \cite{ref1}. 116 The project proposes to use 12" PMts with an improved cost ( by factor of 1.6 in comparison to 20 ") per unit of surface area and detected p.e (cost/QE*CE). This is mainly due to the different industrial fabrication of the PMTs, the better photon detection efficiency and a better reliability. 117 The reduced costs are, also, due to: 118 109 119 \begin{itemize} 110 120 \item A smaller number of electronics, thanks to the 16 PMTs macropixel with … … 119 129 The general principle of PMm2 project is that the ASIC and a FPGA 120 130 manage the dialog between the PMTs and the surface controller (\refFig{fig:2}). 121 131 Alternative options may be chosen considering an analysis of the risks of this 132 full underwater strategy,one of these is that the Front-End electronics can be used 133 in a traditional schema with the electronic "in surface". 134 PARISROC can be perfectly integrated in a surface scheme. 135 136 \begin{center} 122 137 \begin{figure}[!!htbp] 123 \centering 124 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth]{img2.jpg} 138 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img2.jpg} 125 139 \caption{Principle of the PMm2 project.} 126 140 \label{fig:2} 127 141 \end{figure} 128 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 142 \end{center} 143 129 144 \section{PARISROC architecture} 130 145 \label{sec:PARISROCArchi} 146 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 147 \subsection{Requirements} 148 \label{ssec:Requirements} 149 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 150 The physics events, researched in this detectors, produce Cerenkov light that is spread over the PMTs. The number of events in this kind of experiences is "rare" and the number of pe per Mev deposed in the water is of 10pe/MeV on one circular scheme over 10000 PMTs. So for few MeV events the small number of p.e is spread over a large number of PMTs and as consequence is necessary being fully efficient to detect a single photo-electron (p.e). 151 For large energy events (such as supernova events) it is shown, in Superkamiokande experiment, that the dynamic range for a single PM should cover up to few hundred p.e (300pe). 152 All the type of events considered must be registered without any direct external trigger, this later is called 'triggerless mode'. 153 A precise time stamp of each event is required to reconstruct the topology of the events and so to synchronize the events among PMTs in each array and among the different arrays. 154 This aspect brought to an requirement: an electronic with full independent channels. 155 The most demanding in term of timing is the vertex reconstruction that needs typically 1 ns resolution. 156 The pe, reached by the PMTs, are multiplied with a gain G of 3*106; this value is owed to a cost reason. The array of PMTs is not homogeneous in terms of gain because of the common HV. A better homogeneity should have brought to an increasing of the costs. 157 It was estimate from a study that the gain dispersion at a given voltage is such that the ratio between the highest and the lowest gain is not more than 12. It is possible for the manufacturer to sort the PMTs at a reasonable cost when they are produced at a very large scale: the gain ratio can be reduced ton 6 in a batch of 16 PMTs. 158 To compensate this not homogeneity a preamplifier with a variable and adjustable gain is required (structure explain in the next section. 159 Finally the electronic requirements must be: 160 \begin{itemize} 161 \item 1pe of efficiency 162 \item triggerless 163 \item 1ns of time resolution 164 \item high granularity 165 \item scalability 166 \item low cost 167 \item independent channels 168 \item charge and time measurement 169 \item water-tight, common High Voltage 170 \item only one wire out (DATA + VCC) 171 \end{itemize} 172 173 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 174 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 175 \subsection{Analogue Channel description and simulations} 176 \label{ssec:AnalogChannel} 177 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 131 178 The ASIC Parisroc is composed of 16 analogue channels managed by a 132 179 common digital part (\refFig{fig:3}). 133 180 134 \begin{ figure}[!htbp]135 \ centering136 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth ]{img3.jpg}181 \begin{center} 182 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 183 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img3.jpg} 137 184 \caption{PARISROC global schematic.} 138 185 \label{fig:3} 139 186 \end{figure} 140 141 Each analogue channel is made of a low noise preamplifier with 142 variable and adjustable gain. The variable gain is common for all 143 channels and it can change from 8 to 1 on 4 bits. The gain is also 144 tuneable channel by channel to adjust the input detector's gain, up to 145 a factor 4 to an accuracy of 7\% with 8 bits. 146 187 \end{center} 188 189 Each analog channel is made of a low noise preamplifier with variable and adjustable gain. 190 The variable gain is common for all channels and it can change on 4 bits thanks to the input variable capacitance 191 (Cin from 1 to 4 pF). The gain is also tuneable channel by channel, to adjust the input detector not homogeneous gains, 192 on 8 bit thanks to a feedback variable capacitance (Cf from 1 to 0.007pF with step of 1/2). 193 The gain (G=Cin/Cf) can be adjustable on 8 bit for each channel. 147 194 The preamplifier is followed by a slow channel for the charge 148 195 measurement in parallel with a fast channel for the trigger output. … … 171 218 threshold to convert the charge and the fine time. In addition a bandgap bloc provides all voltage references. 172 219 173 \begin{ figure}[!htbp]174 \ centering175 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth ]{img4.jpg}220 \begin{center} 221 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 222 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img4.jpg} 176 223 \caption{PARISROC Layout.} 177 224 \label{fig:4} 178 225 \end{figure} 179 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 180 \subsection{Analogue Channel description and simulations} 181 \label{ssec:AnalogChannel} 182 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 226 \end{center} 227 183 228 \refFig{fig:5} represents, in a schematic way, the detail of one channel analogue 184 229 part. 185 230 186 \begin{ figure}[!htbp]187 \ centering188 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth ]{img5.jpg}231 \begin{center} 232 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 233 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img5.jpg} 189 234 \caption{PARISROC one channel analogue part schematic.} 190 235 \label{fig:5} 191 236 \end{figure} 237 \end{center} 238 239 192 240 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 193 241 \subsection{Preamplifier} … … 203 251 gain dispersion due to a use of a common HV. 204 252 205 206 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 207 \centering 208 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth]{img6.jpg} 253 \begin{center} 254 \begin{figure}[!htb] 255 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img6.jpg} 209 256 \caption{PARISROC preamplifier schematic.} 210 257 \label{fig:6} 211 258 \end{figure} 212 259 \end{center} 213 260 214 261 The preamplifier is designed as a voltage … … 232 279 to use an OTA as the dc feedback amplifier. 233 280 234 In 281 In \refFig{fig:7} are shown preamplifier's output waveforms 235 282 for fixed gain and different input signal (left panel) and for fixed 236 283 input signal and different preamplifier gain (right panel). 237 284 238 \begin{ figure}[!htbp]239 \ centering285 \begin{center} 286 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 240 287 \begin{tabular}{rl} 241 288 \includegraphics[width=0.5\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img7a.jpg} & 242 289 \includegraphics[width=0.5\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img7b.jpg} 243 290 \end{tabular} 244 \caption{Simulated preamplifier output waveforms for different input291 \caption{Simulated preamplifier output waveforms for different input 245 292 signals with fixed gain (left panel) and for fixed input 246 293 signal at different gain (different input capacitor values (right 247 294 panel).} 248 \label{fig:7} 249 \end{figure} 295 \label{fig:7} 296 \end{figure} 297 \end{center} 250 298 251 299 The input signal, used in simulation, is a triangle signal with 4.5~ns … … 255 303 to 300 photo-electrons when the PM gain is $10^{6}$. 256 304 257 258 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 259 \centering 260 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth]{img8.jpg} 305 \begin{center} 306 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 307 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img8.jpg} 261 308 \caption{Simulation input signal.} 262 309 \label{fig:8} 263 310 \end{figure} 311 \end{center} 264 312 265 313 The \refFig{fig:9} displays the input dynamic range allowed to the preamplifier … … 267 315 gains and shows a good linearity (better than $\pm 1\%$). 268 316 269 \begin{ figure}[!htbp]270 \ centering271 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth ]{img9.jpg}317 \begin{center} 318 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 319 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img9.jpg} 272 320 \caption{Preamplifier linearity.} 273 321 \label{fig:9} 274 322 \end{figure} 323 \end{center} 275 324 276 325 … … 296 345 \refTab{tab:2} summarizes the results obtained. 297 346 298 \begin{ figure}[!htbp]299 \ centering300 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth ]{img10.jpg}347 \begin{center} 348 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 349 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img10.jpg} 301 350 \caption{Preamplifier noise simulation; $G_{pa}=8$; $C_{in}=4$~pF and 302 351 $C_{f}=0.5$~pF.} 352 \end{figure} 303 353 \label{fig:10} 304 \end{ figure}354 \end{center} 305 355 306 356 \begin{table} … … 329 379 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 330 380 \centering 331 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth ]{img11.jpg}381 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img11.jpg} 332 382 \caption{Fast shaper schematics.} 333 383 \label{fig:11} … … 398 448 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 399 449 \centering 400 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth ]{img14.jpg}450 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img14.jpg} 401 451 \caption{SCA (switched capacitor array) scheme.} 402 452 \label{fig:14} … … 412 462 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 413 463 \centering 414 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth ]{img15.jpg}464 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img15.jpg} 415 465 \caption{Operation of T\&H cell.} 416 466 \label{fig:15} … … 478 528 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 479 529 \centering 480 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth ]{img17.jpg}530 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img17.jpg} 481 531 \caption{Slow shaper linearity simulation.} 482 532 \label{fig:17} … … 505 555 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 506 556 \centering 507 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth ]{img18.jpg}557 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img18.jpg} 508 558 \caption{Slow shaper \& SCA simulation.} 509 559 \label{fig:18} … … 542 592 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 543 593 \centering 544 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth ]{img20.jpg}594 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img20.jpg} 545 595 \caption{TDC Ramp.} 546 596 \label{fig:20} … … 554 604 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 555 605 \centering 556 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth ]{img21.jpg}606 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img21.jpg} 557 607 \caption{TDC Ramp scheme.} 558 608 \label{fig:21} … … 561 611 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 562 612 \centering 563 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth ]{img22.jpg}613 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img22.jpg} 564 614 \caption{TDC Ramp simulation.} 565 615 \label{fig:22} … … 580 630 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 581 631 \centering 582 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth ]{img23.jpg}632 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img23.jpg} 583 633 \caption{ADC ramp schematic.} 584 634 \label{fig:23} … … 617 667 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 618 668 \centering 619 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth ]{img24.jpg}669 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img24.jpg} 620 670 \caption{Block diagram of the digital part.} 621 671 \label{fig:24} … … 632 682 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 633 683 \centering 634 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth ]{img25.jpg}684 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img25.jpg} 635 685 \caption{Top manager sequence.} 636 686 \label{fig:25} … … 649 699 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 650 700 \centering 651 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth ]{img26.jpg}701 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img26.jpg} 652 702 \caption{SCA analogue voltage} 653 703 \label{fig:26} … … 690 740 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 691 741 \centering 692 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth ]{img27.jpg}742 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img27.jpg} 693 743 \caption{Test Board.} 694 744 \label{fig:27} … … 705 755 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 706 756 \centering 707 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth ]{img28.jpg}757 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img28.jpg} 708 758 \caption{Test Bench.} 709 759 \label{fig:28} … … 718 768 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 719 769 \centering 720 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth ]{img29.jpg}770 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img29.jpg} 721 771 %%%% NOT USED \includegraphics[width=0.5\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img34.jpg} 722 772 \caption{Input signals} … … 821 871 \centering 822 872 \begin{tabular}{rl} 823 \includegraphics[width=0.5\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img32a.jpg} &873 \includegraphics[width=0.5\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img32a.jpg} 824 874 \includegraphics[width=0.5\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img32b.jpg} 825 875 \end{tabular} … … 852 902 \centering 853 903 \begin{tabular}{rl} 854 \includegraphics[width=0.5\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img33a.jpg} &904 \includegraphics[width=0.5\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img33a.jpg} 855 905 \includegraphics[width=0.5\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img33b.jpg} 856 906 \end{tabular} … … 879 929 linearity. The output voltage in function of the input injected charge 880 930 is plotted for the different analogue signals. \refFig{fig:34} gives few examples for 881 the preamplifier at different gains. \refTab{ tab:11} summarizes the fit931 the preamplifier at different gains. \refTab{11} summarizes the fit 882 932 results of these linearities. Good linearity performances are shown by 883 933 residuals (better than $\pm 2~\%$) value but for a … … 887 937 \centering 888 938 \begin{tabular}{c} 889 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img34a.jpg} \\890 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img34b.jpg} \\891 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img34c.jpg} \\939 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img34a.jpg} 940 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img34b.jpg} 941 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img34c.jpg} 892 942 \end{tabular} 893 943 \caption{Preamplifier linearity for different gains.} … … 917 967 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 918 968 \centering 919 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth ]{img35.jpg}969 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img35.jpg} 920 970 \caption{Slow shaper linearity; $RC =50$~ns and $G_{pa}=8$.} 921 971 \label{fig:35} … … 928 978 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 929 979 \centering 930 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth ]{img36.jpg}980 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img36.jpg} 931 981 \caption{Fast shaper linearity up to 10~pe.} 932 982 \label{fig:36} … … 940 990 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 941 991 \centering 942 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth ]{img37.jpg}992 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img37.jpg} 943 993 \caption{Preamplifier linearity vs feedback capacitor value.} 944 994 \label{fig:37} … … 954 1004 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 955 1005 \centering 956 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth ]{img38.jpg}1006 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img38.jpg} 957 1007 \caption{Gain uniformity for $G_{pa}=8, 4, 2$.} 958 1008 \label{fig:38} … … 990 1040 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 991 1041 \centering 992 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth ]{img40.jpg}1042 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img40.jpg} 993 1043 \caption{Pedestal S-curves for channel 1 to 16.} 994 1044 \label{fig:40} … … 1023 1073 \centering 1024 1074 \begin{tabular}{rl} 1025 \includegraphics[width=0.5\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img42a.jpg} &1075 \includegraphics[width=0.5\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img42a.jpg} 1026 1076 \includegraphics[width=0.5\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img42b.jpg} 1027 1077 \end{tabular} … … 1033 1083 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 1034 1084 \centering 1035 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth ]{img43.jpg}1085 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img43.jpg} 1036 1086 \caption{Threshold vs injected charge up to 500~fC. It is shown the 1~p.e threshold for a PMT gain of $10^6$.} 1037 1087 \label{fig:43} … … 1044 1094 1045 1095 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 1046 \centering 1047 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth]{img44.jpg} 1096 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img44.jpg} 1048 1097 \caption{Trigger coupling signal.} 1049 1098 \label{fig:44} … … 1070 1119 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 1071 1120 \centering 1072 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth ]{img45.jpg}1121 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img45.jpg} 1073 1122 \caption{ADC measurements with DC input 1.45~V (middle scale).} 1074 1123 \label{fig:45} … … 1083 1132 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 1084 1133 \centering 1085 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth ]{img46.jpg}1134 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img46.jpg} 1086 1135 \caption{10 bits ADC transfer function vs input charge.} 1087 1136 \label{fig:46} … … 1130 1179 \begin{tabular}{c} 1131 1180 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img48a.jpg}\\ 1132 \includegraphics[width=0. 7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img48b.jpg}\\1133 \includegraphics[width=0. 7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img48c.jpg}1181 \includegraphics[width=0.5\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img48b.jpg}\\ 1182 \includegraphics[width=0.5\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img48c.jpg} 1134 1183 \end{tabular} 1135 1184 \caption{12, 10, 8 bit ADC linearity.} … … 1141 1190 preliminary measurements. 1142 1191 1143 \begin{figure}[!htb p]1192 \begin{figure}[!htb] 1144 1193 \centering 1145 1194 \begin{tabular}{rl} 1146 \includegraphics[width=0.5\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img49a.jpg} &1195 \includegraphics[width=0.5\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img49a.jpg} 1147 1196 \includegraphics[width=0.5\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img49b.jpg} 1148 1197 \end{tabular} … … 1180 1229 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 1181 1230 \centering 1182 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth ]{img50.jpg}1231 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img50.jpg} 1183 1232 \caption{10 bit ADC linearity.} 1184 1233 \label{fig:50} … … 1191 1240 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 1192 1241 \centering 1193 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth ]{img51.jpg}1242 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img51.jpg} 1194 1243 \caption{8 bit ADC linearity.} 1195 1244 \label{fig:51} … … 1202 1251 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 1203 1252 \centering 1204 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth ]{img52.jpg}1253 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img52.jpg} 1205 1254 \caption{12 bit ADC linearity.} 1206 1255 \label{fig:52} … … 1216 1265 \begin{figure}[!htbp] 1217 1266 \centering 1218 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth ]{img53.jpg}1267 \includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth,height=6cm]{img53.jpg} 1219 1268 \caption{TO BE COMPLETED} 1220 1269 \label{fig:53}
Note: See TracChangeset
for help on using the changeset viewer.